Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
Agriculture Research and Development Division, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, VIC, 3085, Australia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Mar;24(8):7274-7284. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8395-9. Epub 2017 Jan 19.
Urban stormwater samples were collected from five aquatic systems in Melbourne, Australia, on six occasions between October 2011 and March 2012 and tested for 30 herbicides and 14 trace metals. Nineteen different herbicides were observed in one or more water samples from the five sites; chemicals observed at more than 40% of sites were simazine (100%), MCPA (83%), diuron (63%) and atrazine (53%). Using the toxicity unit (TU) concept to assess potential risk to aquatic ecosystems, none of the detected herbicides were considered to pose an individual, group or collective short-term risk to fish or zooplankton in the waters studied. However, 13 herbicides had TU values suggesting they might have posed an individual risk to primary producers at the time of sampling. Water quality guideline levels were exceeded on many occasions for Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn. Similarly, RQ and RQ exceeded 1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. Almost all the metals screened exceeded a logTU of -3 for every trophic level, suggesting that there may have been some impact on aquatic organisms in the studied waterbodies. Our data indicate that Melbourne's urban aquatic environments may be being impacted by approved domestic, industrial and sporting application of herbicides and that stormwater quality needs to be carefully assessed prior to reuse. Further research is required to understand the performance of different urban stormwater wetland designs in removing pesticides and trace metals. Applying the precautionary principle to herbicide regulation is important to ensure there is more research and assessment of the long-term 'performance' standard of all herbicides and throughout their 'life cycle'. Implementing such an approach will also ensure government, regulators, decision makers, researchers, policy makers and industry have the best possible information available to improve the management of chemicals, from manufacture to use.
从 2011 年 10 月至 2012 年 3 月，在澳大利亚墨尔本的五个水系统中，在六次不同的时间采集了城市雨水样本，并对 30 种除草剂和 14 种痕量金属进行了测试。在五个地点的一个或多个水样中观察到了 19 种不同的除草剂；在 40%以上的地点观察到的化学物质有西玛津（100%）、MCPA（83%）、敌草隆（63%）和莠去津（53%）。使用毒性单位（TU）概念来评估对水生生态系统的潜在风险，在所研究的水中，没有一种检测到的除草剂被认为会对鱼类或浮游动物造成个体、群体或集体的短期风险。然而，有 13 种除草剂的 TU 值表明，在采样时，它们可能对初级生产者造成了个体风险。在许多情况下，镉、铜、铬、铅和锌的水质指导值都超标。同样，对于 Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、V 和 Zn，RQ 和 RQ 都超过了 1。几乎所有筛选出的金属的对数 TU 都超过了每一个营养级的-3，这表明在研究的水体中，水生生物可能受到了影响。我们的数据表明，墨尔本的城市水生环境可能受到已批准的家庭、工业和运动用除草剂的影响，在再利用之前需要仔细评估雨水的质量。需要进一步研究以了解不同城市雨水湿地设计在去除农药和痕量金属方面的性能。在除草剂监管方面应用预防原则对于确保对所有除草剂及其整个“生命周期”的长期“性能”标准进行更多的研究和评估是很重要的。实施这样的方法还将确保政府、监管机构、决策者、研究人员、政策制定者和行业能够获得尽可能好的信息，以改善从制造到使用的化学品的管理。
