Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and §Texas Tech School of Law, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409-1163, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(5):2792-7. doi: 10.1021/es405306w. Epub 2014 Feb 21.
Assessments of potential exposure to fullerenes and their derivatives in the environment are important, given their increasing production and use. Our study focused on fate processes that determine the movement and bioavailability of fullerenes in soil. We evaluated the sorption, biodegradation, and plant uptake of C60 fullerene using (14)C-labeled C60 solutions in water produced by either solvent exchange with tetrahydrofuran or sonication/extended mixing in water. Organic carbon appeared to have an important influence on C60 soil sorption. The log Koc values for (14)C60 were equivalent for sandy loam and silt loam (3.55 log[mL/g]) but higher for loam (4.00 log[mL/g]), suggesting that other factors, such as pH, clay content and mineralogy, and cation exchange capacity, also influence C60 soil sorption. There was little (14)CO2 production in the silt loam or the sandy loam soil after 754 and 328 days, respectively, suggesting high resistance of C60 to mineralization in soil. Plant uptake was generally low (∼7%), with most of the uptaken (14)C accumulating in the roots (40-47%) and smaller amounts of accumulation in the tuber (22-23%), stem (12-16%), and leaves (18-22%). Our results indicate that C60 released to the environment will not be highly bioavailable but will likely persist in soil for extended periods.
评估富勒烯及其衍生物在环境中的潜在暴露情况非常重要，因为它们的产量和使用量正在增加。我们的研究重点是决定富勒烯在土壤中迁移和生物可利用性的命运过程。我们使用溶剂交换四氢呋喃或超声/延长混合在水中产生的（14）C 标记的 C60 溶液，评估了 C60 fullerene 的吸附、生物降解和植物吸收。有机碳似乎对 C60 土壤吸附有重要影响。（14）C60 的 log Koc 值对于砂壤土和粉壤土（3.55 log[mL/g]）是等效的，但对于壤土（4.00 log[mL/g]）更高，这表明其他因素，如 pH 值、粘土含量和矿物学以及阳离子交换能力，也会影响 C60 土壤吸附。在分别为 754 天和 328 天后，粉壤土或砂壤土中几乎没有（14）CO2 产生，这表明 C60 在土壤中矿化的抗性很高。植物吸收通常较低（约 7%），大部分吸收的（14）C 积累在根部（40-47%），在块茎（22-23%）、茎（12-16%）和叶片（18-22%）中的积累量较小。我们的结果表明，释放到环境中的 C60 不会高度生物可利用，但可能会在土壤中持续存在很长时间。
