Joy Edward J M, Ander E Louise, Young Scott D, Black Colin R, Watts Michael J, Chilimba Allan D C, Chilima Benson, Siyame Edwin W P, Kalimbira Alexander A, Hurst Rachel, Fairweather-Tait Susan J, Stein Alexander J, Gibson Rosalind S, White Philip J, Broadley Martin R
School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK.
Physiol Plant. 2014 Jul;151(3):208-29. doi: 10.1111/ppl.12144. Epub 2014 Feb 13.
Dietary micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) are widespread, yet their prevalence can be difficult to assess. Here, we estimate MND risks due to inadequate intakes for seven minerals in Africa using food supply and composition data, and consider the potential of food-based and agricultural interventions. Food Balance Sheets (FBSs) for 46 countries were integrated with food composition data to estimate per capita supply of calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), iodine (I), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn), and also phytate. Deficiency risks were quantified using an estimated average requirement (EAR) 'cut-point' approach. Deficiency risks are highest for Ca (54% of the population), followed by Zn (40%), Se (28%) and I (19%, after accounting for iodized salt consumption). The risk of Cu (1%) and Mg (<1%) deficiency are low. Deficiency risks are generally lower in the north and west of Africa. Multiple MND risks are high in many countries. The population-weighted mean phytate supply is 2770 mg capita(-1) day(-1). Deficiency risks for Fe are lower than expected (5%). However, 'cut-point' approaches for Fe are sensitive to assumptions regarding requirements; e.g. estimates of Fe deficiency risks are 43% under very low bioavailability scenarios consistent with high-phytate, low-animal protein diets. Fertilization and breeding strategies could greatly reduce certain MNDs. For example, meeting HarvestPlus breeding targets for Zn would reduce dietary Zn deficiency risk by 90% based on supply data. Dietary diversification or direct fortification is likely to be needed to address Ca deficiency risks.
膳食微量营养素缺乏症（MNDs）广泛存在，但其患病率可能难以评估。在此，我们利用食物供应和成分数据估算了非洲七种矿物质摄入不足导致的MND风险，并考虑了基于食物和农业干预措施的潜力。将46个国家的食物平衡表（FBSs）与食物成分数据相结合，以估算钙（Ca）、铜（Cu）、铁（Fe）、碘（I）、镁（Mg）、硒（Se）和锌（Zn）以及植酸盐的人均供应量。使用估计平均需求量（EAR）“切点”法对缺乏风险进行量化。钙缺乏风险最高（占人口的54%），其次是锌（40%）、硒（28%）和碘（在考虑碘盐消费后为19%）。铜（1%）和镁（<1%）缺乏风险较低。非洲北部和西部的缺乏风险总体较低。许多国家存在多种MND风险。人均植酸盐供应量的人口加权平均值为2770毫克/人·天。铁缺乏风险低于预期（5%）。然而，铁的“切点”法对需求假设敏感；例如，在与高植酸盐、低动物蛋白饮食一致的极低生物利用度情况下，铁缺乏风险估计为43%。施肥和育种策略可大幅降低某些MNDs。例如，根据供应数据，实现HarvestPlus锌育种目标将使膳食锌缺乏风险降低90%。可能需要通过膳食多样化或直接强化来应对钙缺乏风险。
