Huertas Raul, Karpinska Barbara, Ngala Sophia, Mkandawire Bertha, Maling'a Joyce, Wajenkeche Elizabeth, Kimani Paul M, Boesch Christine, Stewart Derek, Hancock Robert D, Foyer Christine H
Environmental and Biochemical Sciences The James Hutton Institute Dundee UK.
School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Edgbaston UK.
Food Energy Secur. 2022 Jun 30;12(2):e406. doi: 10.1002/fes3.406. eCollection 2023 Mar.
Micronutrient deficiencies (hidden hunger), particularly in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), remain one of the most serious public health challenges, affecting more than three billion people globally. A number of strategies are used to ameliorate the problem of micronutrient deficiencies and to improve the nutritional profile of food products. These include (i) dietary diversification, (ii) industrial food fortification and supplements, (iii) agronomic approaches including soil mineral fertilisation, bioinoculants and crop rotations, and (iv) biofortification through the implementation of biotechnology including gene editing and plant breeding. These efforts must consider the dietary patterns and culinary preferences of the consumer and stakeholder acceptance of new biofortified varieties. Deficiencies in Zn and Fe are often linked to the poor nutritional status of agricultural soils, resulting in low amounts and/or poor availability of these nutrients in staple food crops such as common bean. This review describes the genes and processes associated with Fe and Zn accumulation in common bean, a significant food source in Africa that plays an important role in nutritional security. We discuss the conventional plant breeding, transgenic and gene editing approaches that are being deployed to improve Fe and Zn accumulation in beans. We also consider the requirements of successful bean biofortification programmes, highlighting gaps in current knowledge, possible solutions and future perspectives.
微量营养素缺乏（隐性饥饿），尤其是铁（Fe）和锌（Zn）缺乏，仍然是最严峻的公共卫生挑战之一，全球超过30亿人受到影响。人们采用了多种策略来缓解微量营养素缺乏问题并改善食品的营养状况。这些策略包括：（i）饮食多样化；（ii）工业食品强化和补充剂；（iii）农艺方法，包括土壤矿物施肥、生物接种剂和作物轮作；以及（iv）通过实施生物技术（包括基因编辑和植物育种）进行生物强化。这些努力必须考虑消费者的饮食模式和烹饪偏好，以及利益相关者对新生物强化品种的接受程度。锌和铁的缺乏往往与农业土壤营养状况不佳有关，导致主食作物（如普通菜豆）中这些营养素的含量低和/或有效性差。本综述描述了与普通菜豆中铁和锌积累相关的基因和过程，普通菜豆是非洲重要的食物来源，在营养安全方面发挥着重要作用。我们讨论了为提高菜豆中铁和锌积累而采用的传统植物育种、转基因和基因编辑方法。我们还考虑了成功的菜豆生物强化计划的要求，突出了当前知识的差距、可能的解决方案和未来展望。
