Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Anal Chim Acta. 2014 Mar 3;814:1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.019. Epub 2013 Dec 24.
Sample preparation is an important issue in analytical chemistry, and is often a bottleneck in chemical analysis. So, the major incentive for the recent research has been to attain faster, simpler, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly sample preparation methods. The use of auxiliary energies, such as heat, ultrasound, and microwave, is one of the strategies that have been employed in sample preparation to reach the above purposes. Application of electrical driving force is the current state-of-the-art, which presents new possibilities for simplifying and shortening the sample preparation process as well as enhancing its selectivity. The electrical driving force has scarcely been utilized in comparison with other auxiliary energies. In this review, the different roles of electrical driving force (as a powerful auxiliary energy) in various extraction techniques, including liquid-, solid-, and membrane-based methods, have been taken into consideration. Also, the references have been made available, relevant to the developments in separation techniques and Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems. All aspects of electrical driving force in extraction and separation methods are too specific to be treated in this contribution. However, the main aim of this review is to provide a brief knowledge about the different fields of analytical chemistry, with an emphasis on the latest efforts put into the electrically assisted membrane-based sample preparation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches as well as the new achievements in these areas have been discussed, which might be helpful for further progress in the future.
样品制备是分析化学中的一个重要问题，通常也是化学分析的瓶颈。因此，最近的研究主要集中在开发更快、更简单、更经济、更环保的样品制备方法上。辅助能源（如热、超声和微波）的使用是样品制备中达到上述目的的策略之一。应用电驱动力是目前的最新技术，为简化和缩短样品制备过程以及提高其选择性提供了新的可能性。与其他辅助能源相比，电驱动力的应用还很少。在这篇综述中，考虑了电驱动力（作为一种强大的辅助能源）在各种提取技术中的不同作用，包括液基、固基和膜基方法。此外，还提供了与分离技术和片上实验室（LOC）系统的发展相关的参考文献。电驱动力在萃取和分离方法中的所有方面都非常具体，无法在这篇综述中一一讨论。然而，本文的主要目的是简要介绍分析化学的不同领域，重点介绍在电辅助膜基样品制备系统方面的最新进展。讨论了这些方法的优缺点以及这些领域的新成果，这可能有助于未来的进一步发展。
