Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
Appetite. 2014 May;76:153-60. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.02.005. Epub 2014 Feb 13.
Cue reactivity may be determined by the ability of cues to evoke expectations that a reward will be imminently received. To test this possibility, the current study examined the effects of manipulating expectations about the receipt of food (pizza) on self-reported and physiological responses to pizza cues, and attentional bias to pizza pictures. It was predicted that expecting to eat pizza would increase salivation, self-reported measures of motivation and attentional bias to pizza cues relative to conditions where there was no eating expectancy. In a within-subjects counterbalanced design, 42 hungry participants completed two pizza-cue exposures in a single experimental session during which their expectation of consuming the pizza was manipulated (i.e., expectancy of eating imminently vs. no eating expectancy). They also completed a computerised attentional bias task during which the probability of receiving pizza (0%, 50% or 100%) was manipulated on a trial-by-trial basis. Participants showed reliable increases in hunger and salivation in response to the pizza cues, as well as a bias in attentional maintenance on pizza pictures. However, these responses were not influenced by eating expectancy. Contrastingly, expectancy did influence early attentional processing (initial orientation of attention) in that participants directed their first gaze towards pizza pictures more often on 100% and 50% probability trials relative to 0% trials. Overall, our findings indicate that exposure to food cues triggers appetitive responses regardless of explicit expectancy information. Methodological features of the study that may account for these findings are discussed.
线索反应性可能取决于线索唤起对即将获得奖励的期望的能力。为了检验这种可能性，本研究考察了操纵对食物（披萨）接收的期望对披萨线索的自我报告和生理反应以及对披萨图片的注意力偏向的影响。预计期望吃披萨会增加唾液分泌、自我报告的动机测量和对披萨线索的注意力偏向，而不是没有进食期望的条件。在一项被试内平衡设计中，42 名饥饿的参与者在单次实验会议中完成了两次披萨线索暴露，在此期间，他们对披萨的期望被操纵（即，预期即将进食与没有进食期望）。他们还完成了一项计算机化的注意力偏向任务，在该任务中，每一次试验都操纵收到披萨的概率（0%、50%或 100%）。参与者对披萨线索表现出可靠的饥饿和唾液分泌增加，以及对披萨图片的注意力维持偏向。然而，这些反应不受进食期望的影响。相比之下，期望确实影响了早期的注意力处理（注意力的初始定向），因为与 0%概率试验相比，参与者在 100%和 50%概率试验中更频繁地将第一眼转向披萨图片。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，无论是否存在明确的期望信息，食物线索的暴露都会引发食欲反应。讨论了可能导致这些发现的研究方法的特点。
