Berge Anna C, Vertenten Geert
Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Elanco Animal Health, Plantin en Moretuslei 1A, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium.
J Dairy Sci. 2014;97(4):2145-54. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7163. Epub 2014 Feb 15.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, major management systems, and fresh cow clinical conditions associated with ketosis in western European dairy herds. A total of 131 dairies were enrolled in Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom during 2011 to 2012. A milk-based test for ketones (Keto-Test; Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan; distributed by Elanco Animal Health, Antwerp, Belgium) was used for screening cows between d 7 and 21 after calving and ketosis was defined as a Keto-Test ≥100µmol/L. Study cows were observed for clinical disease up to 35d postcalving. Multivariate analysis (generalized estimating equation logistic regression) was performed to determine country, farm, management, feed, and cow factors associated with ketosis and to determine associations between ketosis and fresh cow diseases. Thirty-nine percent of the cows were classified as having ketosis. The herd average of ketosis was 43% in Germany, 53% in France, 31% in Italy, 46% in the Netherlands, and 31% in the United Kingdom. Of the 131 farms, 112 (85%) had 25% or more of their fresh cows resulting as positive for ketosis. Clinical ketosis was not reported in most farms and the highest level of clinical ketosis reported was 23%. The risks of ketosis were significantly lower in Italy and the United Kingdom compared with France, the Netherlands, and Germany. Larger herd size was associated with a decreased risk of ketosis. The farms that fed partially mixed rations had 1.5 times higher odds of ketosis than those that fed total mixed rations. Cows that calved in April to June had the highest odds of ketosis, with about twice as high odds compared with cows that calved in July to September. The cows that calved in January to March tended to have 1.5 times higher risk of ketosis compared with cows that calved in July to September. The odds of ketosis in parity 2 and parity 3 to 7 was significantly higher (1.5 and 2.8 times higher, respectively) than the odds of ketosis in parity 1. The odds of ketosis was significantly smaller in parity 2 compared with parity 3 to 7. Ketosis was associated with significantly higher odds of all common fresh cow conditions: metritis, mastitis, displaced abomasum, clinical ketosis, lameness, and gastrointestinal disorders. Odds of ketosis in cows having had twins or dystocia were not increased, whereas higher odds of ketosis were observed in cows with milk fever or retained placenta.
本研究旨在确定西欧奶牛场中与酮病相关的患病率、主要管理系统以及初产母牛的临床状况。2011年至2012年期间，德国、法国、意大利、荷兰和英国共有131个奶牛场参与了研究。采用基于牛奶的酮类检测方法（酮检测；日本名古屋三和化学研究所；由比利时安特卫普的伊兰科动物保健公司经销）对产犊后7至21天的奶牛进行筛查，酮病定义为酮检测≥100µmol/L。对研究奶牛产后35天内的临床疾病进行观察。采用多变量分析（广义估计方程逻辑回归）来确定与酮病相关的国家、农场、管理、饲料和奶牛因素，并确定酮病与初产母牛疾病之间的关联。39%的奶牛被归类为患有酮病。德国奶牛场酮病的群体平均患病率为43%，法国为53%，意大利为31%，荷兰为46%，英国为31%。在131个农场中，112个（85%）农场有25%或更多的初产母牛酮检测呈阳性。大多数农场未报告临床酮病，报告的最高临床酮病水平为23%。与法国、荷兰和德国相比，意大利和英国的酮病风险显著较低。牛群规模越大，酮病风险越低。饲喂部分混合日粮的农场发生酮病的几率比饲喂全混合日粮的农场高1.5倍。4月至6月产犊的母牛患酮病的几率最高，与7月至9月产犊的母牛相比，几率约高两倍。1月至3月产犊的母牛患酮病的风险比7月至9月产犊的母牛高1.5倍。第2胎和第3至7胎母牛患酮病的几率显著更高（分别高1.5倍和2.8倍），高于第1胎母牛患酮病的几率。与第3至7胎相比，第2胎母牛患酮病的几率显著更小。酮病与所有常见的初产母牛疾病的几率显著更高相关：子宫炎、乳腺炎、真胃移位、临床酮病、跛行和胃肠道疾病。双胞胎或难产母牛患酮病的几率没有增加，而患产乳热或胎盘滞留的母牛患酮病的几率更高。
