Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014 Jun;69(6):1517-25. doi: 10.1093/jac/dku026. Epub 2014 Feb 16.
To determine the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates obtained between 2006 and 2012 in Slovenia.
Gonococcal isolates obtained between 2006 and 2012 in Slovenia (n = 194) were investigated with Etest for susceptibility to cefixime, ceftriaxone, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin and spectinomycin. All isolates were examined with N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing for molecular epidemiology and sequencing of the major extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) resistance determinants (penA, mtrR and penB) was performed.
The overall prevalence of decreased susceptibility or resistance to cefixime and ceftriaxone (MIC ≥0.125 mg/L) was 11% and 5%, respectively. The decreased susceptibility or resistance showed an epidemic peak in 2011 (33% for cefixime and 11% for ceftriaxone), decreasing to 6% and 4%, respectively, in 2012. ST1407 (9% of isolates), ST21 (6%) and ST225 (6%) were the most common sequence types (STs) during 2006-12. Genogroup G1407 (ST1407 most prevalent ST), an internationally spread clone with decreased susceptibility or resistance to ESCs, was most prevalent (48%) in 2009. However, the G1407 prevalence then declined: in 2010, 30%; in 2011, 28%; and in 2012, 8%. Instead, in 2012 the ESC- and ciprofloxacin-susceptible G21 was the predominant genogroup (26%).
The prevalence of gonococcal resistance to ESCs in Slovenia has been high, but fluctuating. Fortunately, in 2012 some ESC- and ciprofloxacin-susceptible clones, such as genogroups G21, G1195 and G2992, appeared to have mainly replaced the multidrug-resistant G1407 clone, a replacement also seen in several European countries.
确定 2006 年至 2012 年间在斯洛文尼亚分离的淋病奈瑟菌分离株的表型和分子特征。
对 2006 年至 2012 年间在斯洛文尼亚获得的淋病奈瑟菌分离株（n=194）进行 Etest 药敏试验，以检测头孢克肟、头孢曲松、青霉素、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、四环素、庆大霉素和壮观霉素的敏感性。所有分离株均进行淋病奈瑟菌多抗原序列分型，进行主要扩展谱头孢菌素（ESC）耐药决定因子（penA、mtrR 和 penB）的测序。
对头孢克肟和头孢曲松（MIC≥0.125mg/L）的敏感性降低或耐药的总流行率分别为 11%和 5%。2011 年（头孢克肟 33%，头孢曲松 11%）出现敏感性降低或耐药的流行高峰，2012 年分别降至 6%和 4%。2006-12 年最常见的序列型（ST）为 ST1407（9%的分离株）、ST21（6%）和 ST225（6%）。国际传播的具有 ESC 敏感性降低或耐药性的 G1407 基因群（ST1407 最常见的 ST）在 2009 年最为流行（48%）。然而，G1407 的流行率随后下降：2010 年为 30%；2011 年为 28%；2012 年为 8%。相反，2012 年 ESC 和环丙沙星敏感的 G21 是主要的基因群（26%）。
斯洛文尼亚淋病奈瑟菌对 ESC 的耐药率一直很高，但呈波动趋势。幸运的是，2012 年，一些 ESC 和环丙沙星敏感的克隆，如基因群 G21、G1195 和 G2992，似乎主要取代了多药耐药的 G1407 克隆，这种取代也在几个欧洲国家出现。
