González-Galarzo Maria Carmen, García Ana Maria, Gadea Merino Rafael, Martínez Martínez José Miguel, Velarde Collado José María
Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2013 Nov-Dec;87(6):601-14. doi: 10.4321/S1135-57272013000600005.
Ergonomic hazards exposure is the main cause of occupational pain. The aim of this paper is to describe the prevalence of exposure to occupational physical load by occupation, in Spanish working population, and its relationship to employment conditions and sociodemographic characteristics of workers.
We used the information contained in the Spanish Job-Exposure Matrix (MatEmESp), with data between 1997 and 2005. We describe the prevalence of exposure to ergonomic hazards, we identify the occupations with the highest prevalence of exposure and we analyze its relationship to employment conditions and sociodemographic characteristics by occupation, using Spearman correlation coefficients and Scatter plots.
Repetitive movements are ergonomic hazard most frequently reported (prevalence around 60%). The greater prevalence of exposure to awkward postures are given in "Bricklayers" (96%), to handling loads in "construction labourers" (89%), to repetitive movements in "graphic arts workers" (95%) and sedentary work in "administrative assistants" (98%). We found a strong relationship (p<0,001) between the prevalence of exposure to the four hazards considered, and the proportion of people with primary education by occupation (correlation coefficients -0,62 in sedentary work and between 0,59 and 0,66 in the other). Occupations with a high proportion of women and with a university studies levels ("nurses"), also has frequent exposure to handling loads (>50%).
In general, the prevalence of exposure to ergonomic hazards remains high in the period analyzed. Less qualified occupations usually have a higher prevalence of exposure.
接触工效学危害是职业性疼痛的主要原因。本文旨在描述西班牙劳动人口中按职业划分的职业体力负荷接触率，及其与就业条件和工人社会人口学特征的关系。
我们使用了西班牙工作接触矩阵（MatEmESp）中1997年至2005年的数据。我们描述了工效学危害的接触率，确定了接触率最高的职业，并使用斯皮尔曼相关系数和散点图分析其与就业条件和按职业划分的社会人口学特征的关系。
重复性动作是最常报告的工效学危害（接触率约为60%）。“瓦工”中接触不良姿势的比例最高（96%），“建筑工人”中搬运重物的比例最高（89%），“平面艺术工作者”中重复性动作的比例最高（95%），“行政助理”中久坐工作的比例最高（98%）。我们发现，在所考虑的四种危害的接触率与按职业划分的小学教育程度人群比例之间存在很强的关系（p<0.001）（久坐工作的相关系数为-0.62，其他工作的相关系数在0.59至0.66之间）。女性比例高且有大学学历的职业（“护士”），搬运重物的接触也很频繁（>50%）。
总体而言，在所分析的时期内，工效学危害的接触率仍然很高。资质较低的职业通常接触率较高。
