González-Galarzo M Carmen, Ronda Elena, Benavides Fernando G, García Ana M
Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Valencia, Spain.
Arch Prev Riesgos Labor. 2019 Jul-Sep;22(3):121-128. doi: 10.12961/aprl.2019.22.03.2.
The objective of the study is to describe the level of exposure to psychosocial risk factors by occupation in the Spanish working population and analyze their relationship with sociodemographic characteristics and employment conditions.
The Spanish Job-Exposure Matrix (MatEmESp) is used to describe the levels of exposure to psychosocial risk factors in 2005. We identified occupations with higher levels of exposure and analysed their relationship with employment conditions and sociodemographic characteristics.
Levels of exposure to work influence were below the midpoint (50, on a scale from 0 to 100); for work pace, they were slightly above ( =46.8 and =50.8, respectively). The highest levels of exposure were found in manual occupations; some skilled occupations were also associated with high insecurity (economists) and work pace (managers). As social class and education decreased, insecurity increased (rho = 0.45 and 0.38 respectively), and both co-worker support (rho=-0.46 y -0.48, respectively) and influence (rho=-0.73 y -0.63, respectively) decreased. As the proportion of foreigners increased, support and influence decreased (rho =-0.44 and -0.43, respectively). As the number of employees increased, work influence decreased (rho =-0.38). Increases in temporary contracts were associated with a decrease in co-worker support (rho =-0.34) and influence (rho =-0.53) and, as overtime increased, work influence increased (rho = 0.49).
This study confirms the presence of inequalities in exposure to psychosocial risk factors at work, depending on the occupation and the sociodemographic characteristics and employment conditions of the occupation performed.
本研究的目的是描述西班牙劳动人口按职业划分的心理社会风险因素暴露水平，并分析其与社会人口特征和就业条件的关系。
使用西班牙工作暴露矩阵（MatEmESp）来描述2005年心理社会风险因素的暴露水平。我们确定了暴露水平较高的职业，并分析了它们与就业条件和社会人口特征的关系。
工作影响的暴露水平低于中点（0至100的量表上为50）；工作节奏的暴露水平略高于中点（分别为46.8和50.8）。体力职业的暴露水平最高；一些技术职业也与高不安全感（经济学家）和工作节奏（经理）相关。随着社会阶层和教育程度的降低，不安全感增加（分别为rho = 0.45和0.38），同事支持（分别为rho = -0.46和-0.48）和影响力（分别为rho = -0.73和-0.63）均下降。随着外国人比例的增加，支持和影响力下降（分别为rho = -0.44和-0.43）。随着员工数量的增加，工作影响下降（rho = -0.38）。临时合同的增加与同事支持的减少（rho = -0.34）和影响力的减少（rho = -0.53）相关，并且随着加班时间的增加，工作影响增加（rho = 0.49）。
本研究证实了工作中接触心理社会风险因素存在不平等现象，这取决于职业以及所从事职业的社会人口特征和就业条件。
