Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Molecular Genetics Laboratory Olympia, WA, USA.
Point No Point Treaty Council Kingston, WA, USA.
Evol Appl. 2014 Feb;7(2):266-85. doi: 10.1111/eva.12118. Epub 2013 Nov 25.
Programs to rebuild imperiled wild fish populations often include hatchery-born fish derived from wild populations to supplement natural spawner abundance. These programs require monitoring to determine their demographic, biological, and genetic effects. In 1990s in Washington State, the Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative developed a recovery program for the threatened Hood Canal summer chum salmon Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) (the metapopulation) that used in-river spawners (wild fish) for each respective supplementation broodstock in six tributaries. Returning spawners (wild-born and hatchery-born) composed subsequent broodstocks, and tributary-specific supplementation was limited to three generations. We assessed impacts of the programs on neutral genetic diversity in this metapopulation using 16 microsatellite loci and a thirty-year dataset spanning before and after supplementation, roughly eight generations. Following supplementation, differentiation among subpopulations decreased (but not significantly) and isolation by distance patterns remained unchanged. There was no decline in genetic diversity in wild-born fish, but hatchery-born fish sampled in the same spawning areas had significantly lower genetic diversity and unequal family representation. Despite potential for negative effects from supplementation programs, few were detected in wild-born fish. We hypothesize that chum salmon natural history makes them less vulnerable to negative impacts from hatchery supplementation.
重建濒危野生鱼类种群的计划通常包括从野生种群中培育的鱼苗，以补充自然繁殖者的数量。这些计划需要进行监测，以确定它们的人口统计学、生物学和遗传学影响。在 20 世纪 90 年代，华盛顿州的夏季红大马哈鱼保护倡议为受到威胁的胡德运河夏季红大马哈鱼进化显著单位（ESU）（即复合种群）制定了一项恢复计划，该计划在六条支流中使用了来自野生鱼类的河流产卵者（野生鱼）作为各自的补充亲鱼群体。返回的产卵者（野生和孵化场出生）组成了随后的亲鱼群体，并且支流特异性的补充限制在三代以内。我们使用 16 个微卫星基因座和一个跨越补充前后三十年的数据集（大约八个世代），评估了这些计划对该复合种群中性遗传多样性的影响。在补充之后，亚种群之间的分化减少（但不显著），距离隔离模式保持不变。野生出生的鱼类遗传多样性没有下降，但在同一产卵区采样的孵化场出生的鱼类遗传多样性显著降低，且家族代表性不均衡。尽管补充计划可能产生负面影响，但在野生出生的鱼类中很少检测到。我们假设红大马哈鱼的自然历史使它们不易受到孵化场补充的负面影响。
