Gjerde Hallvard, Sousa Tanara R, De Boni Raquel, Christophersen Asbjørg S, Limberger Renata P, Zancanaro Ivomar, Oiestad Elisabeth L, Normann Per T, Mørland Jørg, Pechansky Flavio
Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Center for Drug and Alcohol Research of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Int J Drug Policy. 2014 May;25(3):393-400. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.01.019. Epub 2014 Feb 7.
A large proportion of road traffic crashes are related to driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the use of alcohol, illegal drugs and psychoactive medicinal drugs among random drivers in Brazil and Norway, two countries with the same legal limit for drunk driving, but with marked differences in legislation history, enforcement and penalties for DUI, and to discuss any differences found.
Roadside surveys were conducted on Fridays and Saturdays between noon and midnight. Samples of oral fluid were collected for analysis of drugs, whereas alcohol was determined by breath testing or by analysis of oral fluid.
High participation rates of 94-97% were obtained in both countries. The weighted prevalence of driving with alcohol concentrations in breath or oral fluid equivalent to blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) above 0.2g/L was 2.7% (95% CI 2.2-3.3) in Brazil and 0.2% (95% CI 0.0-0.5) in Norway. Stimulants (amphetamines or cocaine) were found in samples from 1.0% (95% CI 0.7-1.4) of drivers in Brazil and 0.3% (95% CI 0.1-0.7) in Norway. The prevalence of amphetamines was highest among Brazilian truck drivers (3.6%; 95% CI 2.0-6.4). Tetrahydrocannabinol was found in samples from 0.5% (95% CI 0.3-0.8) of drivers in Brazil and 1.0% (95% CI 0.6-1.5) in Norway, whereas benzodiazepines or zopiclone were found in 1.0% (95% CI 0.7-1.4) and 1.7% (95% CI 1.2-2.4) of the samples from Brazil and Norway, respectively.
The difference in the prevalence of alcohol may be related to the fact that Norway has implemented steps to reduce drunk driving since 1936, whereas Brazil has attempted to do the same for only a few years. Differences for drugs may be related to different patterns in the use of stimulants, cannabis and medicines.
很大一部分道路交通事故与酒后或药后驾驶（DUI）有关。本研究的目的是比较巴西和挪威随机抽取的驾驶员中酒精、非法药物和精神活性药物的使用情况。这两个国家的酒后驾驶法定限制相同，但在立法历史、执法力度以及对酒后驾驶的处罚方面存在显著差异，并对发现的任何差异进行讨论。
在周五和周六中午至午夜期间进行路边调查。采集口腔液样本用于药物分析，而酒精则通过呼气测试或口腔液分析来测定。
两国的参与率都很高，达到了94% - 97%。在巴西，呼气或口腔液中酒精浓度相当于血液酒精浓度（BAC）高于0.2g/L的加权患病率为2.7%（95%置信区间2.2 - 3.3），在挪威为0.2%（95%置信区间0.0 - 0.5）。在巴西，1.0%（95%置信区间0.7 - 1.4）的驾驶员样本中检测出兴奋剂（苯丙胺或可卡因），在挪威为0.3%（95%置信区间0.1 - 0.7）。巴西卡车司机中苯丙胺的患病率最高（3.6%；95%置信区间2.0 - 6.4）。在巴西，0.5%（95%置信区间0.3 - 0.8）的驾驶员样本中检测出四氢大麻酚，在挪威为1.0%（95%置信区间0.6 - 1.5），而在巴西和挪威的样本中，分别有1.0%（95%置信区间0.7 - 1.4）和1.7%（95%置信区间1.2 - 2.4）检测出苯二氮卓类或佐匹克隆。
酒精患病率的差异可能与以下事实有关：自1936年以来挪威已采取措施减少酒后驾驶，而巴西只是在近几年才开始尝试这样做。药物使用差异可能与兴奋剂、大麻和药物的不同使用模式有关。
