Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Nov 30;223(1-3):106-13. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.012. Epub 2012 Sep 1.
Following population, geographic, road type and time criteria, Spain has carried out random, roadside controls of 3302 representative sample of Spanish drivers, including saliva analysis for 24 psychoactive substances and alcohol breath tests. The 81.4% of the drivers were male, with an average age of 34.8±11.8 (mean±SD). The 17% of the drivers were found to be positive to any of the substances analysed. The 6.6% of the drivers found positive to alcohol (>0.05 mg/l in breath), 11% were found positive to any illicit drug, and 2% were positive to one of the medicines analysed. Some drivers were positive in more than one substance. The most common illicit drugs among Spanish drivers were cannabis (7.7%), or cocaine (3.5%), either alone or combined with other substances. The most prevalent medicines were the benzodiazepines (1.6%). As a tendency, higher figures for positive cases were observed among males than in females (being statistically significant the differences for alcohol, cannabis and cocaine). Alcohol and cocaine positive cases were more frequently found among drivers of urban roads. Alcohol positive cases (alone, >0.05 mg/l), were more likely found as age increase (OR=1.02), those driving in urban roads (OR=2.13), and driving at any period than weekdays, while alcohol+drugs cases were more likely found among males (OR=2.819), those driving on urban road (OR=2.17) and driving at night periods. Finding a medicines positive case was more likely as elder the driver was (OR=1.05). There have been differences in the prevalence of positive cases of alcohol, cannabis and cocaine, in relation to the period of the week: in three cases the highest prevalence seen in night time. This study shows the high prevalence of psychoactive substances and alcohol in Spanish drivers, mainly illicit drugs (cannabis). This question requires a response from the authorities and from society, with an integral and multi-disciplinary approach that can heighten the population's awareness of the risks of driving under the influence of certain substances.
根据人口、地理、道路类型和时间标准，西班牙对 3302 名西班牙司机进行了随机、路边抽查，包括对 24 种精神活性物质进行唾液分析和酒精呼气测试。81.4%的司机为男性，平均年龄为 34.8±11.8（均值±标准差）。17%的司机被发现对任何一种分析物质呈阳性。6.6%的司机呼气中酒精含量>0.05mg/L，11%的司机被发现使用任何非法药物，2%的司机被发现使用一种被分析的药物。一些司机在不止一种物质上呈阳性。西班牙司机中最常见的非法药物是大麻（7.7%）或可卡因（3.5%），单独或与其他物质混合使用。最常见的药物是苯二氮䓬类药物（1.6%）。作为一种趋势，男性司机中阳性病例的比例高于女性（酒精、大麻和可卡因的差异具有统计学意义）。在城市道路上行驶的司机中，酒精和可卡因阳性病例更为常见。随着年龄的增长（OR=1.02），在城市道路上行驶（OR=2.13），以及在任何时段行驶而不是在工作日行驶，酒精阳性病例（单独，>0.05mg/L）的可能性增加，而酒精+药物病例更可能发生在男性（OR=2.819）、在城市道路上行驶（OR=2.17）和夜间行驶的司机中。随着司机年龄的增长（OR=1.05），发现药物阳性病例的可能性增加。在一周的不同时间，酒精、大麻和可卡因阳性病例的流行率存在差异：在三种情况下，夜间的流行率最高。这项研究表明，西班牙司机中精神活性物质和酒精的高流行率，主要是非法药物（大麻）。这一问题需要当局和社会做出回应，采取综合和多学科的方法，提高公众对某些物质影响驾驶的风险的认识。
