Icekson Tamar, Roskes Marieke, Moran Simone
Guilford Glazer Faculty for Business and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva, Israel.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2014 Feb 28;8:105. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00105. eCollection 2014.
Focusing on avoiding failure or negative outcomes (avoidance motivation) can undermine creativity, due to cognitive (e.g., threat appraisals), affective (e.g., anxiety), and volitional processes (e.g., low intrinsic motivation). This can be problematic for people who are avoidance motivated by nature and in situations in which threats or potential losses are salient. Here, we review the relation between avoidance motivation and creativity, and the processes underlying this relation. We highlight the role of optimism as a potential remedy for the creativity undermining effects of avoidance motivation, due to its impact on the underlying processes. Optimism, expecting to succeed in achieving success or avoiding failure, may reduce negative effects of avoidance motivation, as it eases threat appraisals, anxiety, and disengagement-barriers playing a key role in undermining creativity. People experience these barriers more under avoidance than under approach motivation, and beneficial effects of optimism should therefore be more pronounced under avoidance than approach motivation. Moreover, due to their eagerness, approach motivated people may even be more prone to unrealistic over-optimism and its negative consequences.
专注于避免失败或负面结果（回避动机）会破坏创造力，这是由于认知（如威胁评估）、情感（如焦虑）和意志过程（如内在动机低）。对于天生具有回避动机的人以及在威胁或潜在损失很突出的情况下，这可能会成为问题。在此，我们回顾回避动机与创造力之间的关系以及这种关系背后的过程。我们强调乐观主义作为回避动机对创造力破坏效应的一种潜在补救措施的作用，因为它对潜在过程有影响。乐观主义，即期望成功实现目标或避免失败，可能会减少回避动机的负面影响，因为它减轻了在破坏创造力中起关键作用的威胁评估、焦虑和脱离障碍。人们在回避动机下比在进取动机下更易体验到这些障碍，因此乐观主义的有益效果在回避动机下应比在进取动机下更明显。此外，由于进取动机的人急切，他们甚至可能更倾向于不切实际的过度乐观及其负面后果。
