Tsikliras Athanassios C, Stergiou Konstantinos I, Adamopoulos Nikolaos, Pauly Daniel, Mente Eleni
Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, UP Box 134, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Conserv Biol. 2014 Aug;28(4):1124-8. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12276. Epub 2014 Mar 14.
The mean trophic level of the farmed fish species in the Mediterranean has been increasing. We examined the farming-up hypothesis (i.e., the increase in the production of high-trophic-level species) in the Mediterranean by determining the trophic level of the aquafeeds (i.e., what the fish are fed) of 5 species of farmed marine fishes: common dentex (Dentex dentex), common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and red porgy (Pagrus sp.). The mean trophic level of aquafeed used in mariculture from 1950 to 2011 was higher (3.93) than the prey farmed fish consume in the wild (3.72) and increased at a faster rate (0.48/decade) compared with that based on their diets in the wild (0.43/decade). Future expected replacement of the fishmeal and oil in aquafeeds by plant materials may reverse the farming-up trend, although there are a number of concerns regarding operational, nutritional, environmental, and economic issues. The farming-up reversal can be achieved in an ecologically friendly manner by facilitating the mariculture of low-trophic-level fishes and by promoting high efficiency in the use of living marine resources in aquafeeds.
地中海养殖鱼类的平均营养级一直在上升。我们通过测定5种养殖海洋鱼类（即普通真鲷（Dentex dentex）、普通棘鲷（Pagellus erythrinus）、欧洲鲈鱼（Dicentrarchus labrax）、金头鲷（Sparus aurata）和红鲷（Pagrus sp.））水产饲料的营养级（即鱼类的食物），研究了地中海的养殖升级假说（即高营养级物种产量的增加）。1950年至2011年海水养殖中使用的水产饲料平均营养级（3.93）高于养殖鱼类在野生环境中所捕食猎物的营养级（3.72），且与它们在野生环境中的饮食相比，其增长速度更快（每十年0.48）。尽管在操作、营养、环境和经济问题方面存在诸多担忧，但未来水产饲料中鱼粉和鱼油有望被植物性材料替代，这可能会扭转养殖升级的趋势。通过促进低营养级鱼类的海水养殖以及提高水产饲料中海洋生物资源的利用效率，可以以生态友好的方式实现养殖升级的逆转。
