Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany ; Department for Medical Sciences and Management, Institute for Psychology, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology Hall in Tirol, Austria.
Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany ; Department of Education, Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2014 Mar 5;5:152. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00152. eCollection 2014.
Tool actions are characterized by a transformation (of spatio-temporal and/or force-related characteristics) between movements and their resulting consequences in the environment. This transformation has to be taken into account, when planning and executing movements and its existence may affect performance. In the present study we investigated how angular gain transformations between movement and visual feedback during circling movements affect coordination performance. Participants coordinated the visual feedback (feedback dot) with a continuously circling stimulus (stimulus dot) on a computer screen in order to produce mirror symmetric trajectories of them. The movement angle was multiplied by a gain factor (0.5-2; nine levels) before it was presented on the screen. Thus, the angular gain transformations changed the spatio-temporal relationship between the movement and its feedback in visual space, and resulted in a non-constant mapping of movement to feedback positions. Coordination performance was best with gain = 1. With high gains the feedback dot was in lead of the stimulus dot, with small gains it lagged behind. Anchoring (reduced movement variability) occurred when the two trajectories were close to each other. Awareness of the transformation depended on the deviation of the gain from 1. In conclusion, the size of an angular gain transformation as well as its mere presence influence performance in a situation in which the mapping of movement positions to visual feedback positions is not constant. When designing machines or tools that involve transformations between movements and their external consequences, one should be aware that the mere presence of angular gains may result in performance decrements and that there can be flaws in the representation of the transformation.
工具动作的特点是在运动及其在环境中的结果之间发生的转变（时空和/或力相关特征的转变）。在规划和执行运动时必须考虑到这种转变，它的存在可能会影响运动表现。在本研究中，我们研究了在圆周运动期间，运动与视觉反馈之间的角增益转换如何影响协调表现。参与者在计算机屏幕上协调视觉反馈（反馈点）和连续圆周运动的刺激（刺激点），以便产生它们的镜像对称轨迹。在屏幕上呈现之前，运动角度乘以增益因子（0.5-2；九级）。因此，角增益转换改变了运动与其视觉空间中的反馈之间的时空关系，并导致运动到反馈位置的映射不是恒定的。增益=1 时协调表现最佳。高增益时，反馈点领先于刺激点，小增益时滞后。当两条轨迹彼此靠近时，会发生锚定（运动变异性降低）。对转换的意识取决于增益偏离 1 的程度。总之，角增益转换的大小及其存在都会影响运动表现，在这种情况下，运动位置到视觉反馈位置的映射不是恒定的。当设计涉及运动及其外部结果之间的转换的机器或工具时，应意识到角增益的存在可能会导致性能下降，并且转换的表示可能存在缺陷。
