ter Burg Wouter, Bouma Krista, Schakel Durk J, Wijnhoven Susan W P, van Engelen Jacqueline, van Loveren Henk, Ezendam Janine
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands .
Inhal Toxicol. 2014 Apr;26(5):310-8. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2014.888110. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
Consumers using air fresheners are exposed to the emitted ingredients, including fragrances, via the respiratory tract. Several fragrances are known skin sensitizers, but it is unknown whether inhalation exposure to these chemicals can induce respiratory sensitization. Effects on the immune system were assessed by testing a selection of five fragrance allergens in the respiratory local lymph node assay (LLNA). The probability and extent of exposure were assessed by measuring concentrations of the 24 known fragrance allergens in 109 air fresheners. It was shown that the most frequently used fragrances in air fresheners were D-limonene and linalool. In the respiratory LLNA, these fragrances were negative. Of the other tested chemicals, only isoeugenol induced a statistically significant increase in cell proliferation. Consumer exposure was assessed in more detail for D-limonene, linalool, and isoeugenol by using exposure modeling tools. It was shown that the most frequently used fragrances in air fresheners, D-limonene, and linalool gave rise to a higher consumer exposure compared with isoeugenol. To evaluate whether the consumer exposure to these fragrances is low or high, these levels were compared with measured air concentrations of diisocyanates, known human respiratory sensitizers. This comparison showed that consumer exposure from air fresheners to D-limonene, linalool, and isoeugenol is considerably lower than occupational exposure to diisocyanates. By combing this knowledge on sensitizing potency with the much lower exposure compared to diisocyanates it seems highly unlikely that isoeugenol can induce respiratory sensitization in consumers using air fresheners.
使用空气清新剂的消费者会通过呼吸道接触到所释放的成分，包括香料。已知几种香料是皮肤致敏剂，但吸入接触这些化学物质是否会引发呼吸道过敏尚不清楚。通过在呼吸道局部淋巴结试验（LLNA）中测试五种香料过敏原的选择来评估对免疫系统的影响。通过测量109种空气清新剂中24种已知香料过敏原的浓度来评估接触的可能性和程度。结果表明，空气清新剂中最常用的香料是D-柠檬烯和芳樟醇。在呼吸道LLNA中，这些香料呈阴性。在其他测试的化学物质中，只有异丁香酚引起细胞增殖有统计学意义的增加。通过使用接触建模工具，对D-柠檬烯、芳樟醇和异丁香酚的消费者接触情况进行了更详细的评估。结果表明，与异丁香酚相比，空气清新剂中最常用的香料D-柠檬烯和芳樟醇导致消费者接触量更高。为了评估消费者对这些香料的接触是低还是高，将这些水平与已知的人类呼吸道致敏剂二异氰酸酯的实测空气浓度进行了比较。这种比较表明，消费者从空气清新剂中接触D-柠檬烯、芳樟醇和异丁香酚的量远低于职业接触二异氰酸酯的量。通过将这种关于致敏潜力的知识与远低于二异氰酸酯的接触量相结合，异丁香酚似乎极不可能在使用空气清新剂的消费者中引发呼吸道过敏。
