Smith Linda B, Street Sandra, Jones Susan S, James Karin H
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2014 Jul;123:15-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.01.009. Epub 2014 Mar 17.
An object's axis of elongation serves as an important frame of reference for forming three-dimensional representations of object shape. By several recent accounts, the formation of these representations is also related to experiences of acting on objects. Four experiments examined 18- to 24-month-olds' (N=103) sensitivity to the elongated axis in action tasks that required extracting, comparing, and physically rotating an object so that its major axis was aligned with that of a visual standard. In Experiments 1 and 2, the older toddlers precisely rotated both simple and complexly shaped three-dimensional objects in insertion tasks where the visual standard was the rectangular contour defining the opening in a box. The younger toddlers performed poorly. Experiments 3 and 4 provide evidence on emerging abilities in extracting and using the most extended axis as a frame of reference for shape comparison. Experiment 3 showed that 18-month-olds could rotate an object to align its major axis with the direction of their own hand motion, and Experiment 4 showed that they could align the major axis of one object with that of another object of the exact same three-dimensional shape. The results are discussed in terms of theories of the development of three-dimensional shape representations, visual object recognition, and the role of action in these developments.
物体的伸长轴是形成物体形状三维表征的重要参照框架。根据最近的一些说法，这些表征的形成也与对物体进行操作的体验有关。四项实验考察了18至24个月大的幼儿（N = 103）在动作任务中对伸长轴的敏感度，这些任务要求提取、比较并实际旋转一个物体，使其主轴与视觉标准的主轴对齐。在实验1和实验2中，年龄较大的幼儿在插入任务中能精确地旋转简单和复杂形状的三维物体，其中视觉标准是界定盒子开口的矩形轮廓。年龄较小的幼儿表现较差。实验3和实验4为幼儿在提取和使用最长轴作为形状比较参照框架方面的新出现能力提供了证据。实验3表明，18个月大的幼儿能够旋转物体，使其主轴与自己手部运动的方向对齐，实验4表明，他们能够将一个物体的主轴与另一个具有完全相同三维形状的物体的主轴对齐。我们从三维形状表征发展理论、视觉物体识别以及动作在这些发展中的作用等方面对研究结果进行了讨论。
