Bucker Berno, Theeuwes Jan
Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2014 Jun;14(2):635-46. doi: 10.3758/s13415-014-0278-7.
It is thought that reward-induced motivation influences perceptual, attentional, and cognitive control processes to facilitate behavioral performance. In this study, we investigated the effect of reward-induced motivation on exogenous attention orienting and inhibition of return (IOR). Attention was captured by peripheral onset cues that were nonpredictive for the target location. Participants performed a target discrimination task at short (170 ms) and long (960 ms) cue-target stimulus onset asynchronies. Reward-induced motivation was manipulated by exposing participants to low- and high-reward blocks. Typical cue facilitation effects on initial orienting were observed for both the low- and high-reward conditions. However, IOR was found only for the high-reward condition. This indicates that reward-induced motivation has a clear effect on reorienting and inhibitory processes following the initial capture of attention, but not on initial exogenous orienting that is considered to be exclusively automatic and stimulus-driven. We suggest that initial orienting is completely data-driven, not affected by top-down motivational processes, while reorienting and the accompanying IOR effect involve motivational top-down processes. To support this, we showed that reward-induced motivational processes and top-down control processes co-act in order to improve behavioral performance: High-reward-induced motivation caused an increase in top-down cognitive control, as signified by posterror slowing. Moreover, we show that personality trait propensity to reward-driven behavior (BAS-Drive scale) was related to reward-triggered behavioral changes in top-down reorienting, but not to changes in automatic orienting.
人们认为，奖励诱导的动机影响感知、注意力和认知控制过程，以促进行为表现。在本研究中，我们调查了奖励诱导的动机对外源性注意力定向和返回抑制（IOR）的影响。注意力由对目标位置无预测性的外周起始线索捕获。参与者在短（170毫秒）和长（960毫秒）的线索-目标刺激起始异步条件下执行目标辨别任务。通过让参与者暴露于低奖励和高奖励块来操纵奖励诱导的动机。在低奖励和高奖励条件下均观察到了典型的线索促进对初始定向的影响。然而，仅在高奖励条件下发现了IOR。这表明奖励诱导的动机对注意力最初被捕获后的重新定向和抑制过程有明显影响，但对被认为完全是自动的和由刺激驱动的初始外源性定向没有影响。我们认为，初始定向完全由数据驱动，不受自上而下的动机过程影响，而重新定向和伴随的IOR效应涉及动机性的自上而下过程。为了支持这一点，我们表明奖励诱导的动机过程和自上而下的控制过程共同作用以提高行为表现：高奖励诱导的动机导致自上而下的认知控制增加，如错误后反应减慢所示。此外，我们表明奖励驱动行为的人格特质倾向（BAS-驱动量表）与自上而下重新定向中奖励触发的行为变化有关，但与自动定向的变化无关。
