LIM homeobox transcription factors, a novel subfamily which plays an important role in cancer (review).

LIM homeobox genes are one of the most important subfamilies of homeobox genes which encode LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) proteins featuring two LIM domains in their amino termini and a centrally located HD that is used to interact with specific DNA elements in target genes. Numerous studies have reported their fundamental roles in the development of various organisms; however, little is known about their functions in cancer. Recently, research has shown that LIM homeobox genes also play an important role in cancer development. Among 12 human LIM homeobox genes, 10 LIM-HD proteins have been reported to be associated with cancer. In the present review, we mainly summarize the functions of these genes in various types of cancer and their potential as biomarkers and the related challenges. More in-depth research concerning LIM homeobox genes in cancer from a signaling pathway perspective may help to understand tumor profiles, establish biomarkers and guide choices for combinatorial drug therapies.