Meyer C, Reiter S, Siedler A, Hellenbrand W, Rasch G
Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2002 Apr;45(4):323-31. doi: 10.1007/s00103-002-0398-z.
Vaccination, along with the improvement of social and hygienic living conditions, has played a key role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases due to its effectiveness, its favourable risk-benefit ratio and strong acceptance on the part of society and health policy makers. The further development of vaccination programs depends on the continual collection of valid data on the incidence of vaccine preventable diseases, immunisation rates, seroprevalence, vaccine related complications as well as on the evaluation of existing programs. The Protection against Infection Act (IfSG) in effect since January 1, 2001 has closed important gaps in the surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases and the implementation of vaccination programs in Germany. The data presented here show the decrease in the incidence of vaccine preventable diseases following implementation of vaccination and increasing vaccine coverage in Germany, underlining the effectiveness of vaccines as well as vaccination programs. The acceptance of vaccination is influenced by various factors that should be taken into account in the organization of vaccination programs. Measures shown to improve vaccination rates in international studies include the establishment of vaccine registries, reminder and recall systems, education of the public as well as health care workers, reimbursement of providers, improvement of access to providers and quality control measures. The deficits in Germany described here reveal further requirements for the organization of vaccination programs, for the improvement of awareness for the importance of vaccine coverage and for the achievement of health related goals.
疫苗接种，连同社会和卫生生活条件的改善，因其有效性、良好的风险效益比以及社会和卫生政策制定者的高度认可，在传染病的预防和控制中发挥了关键作用。疫苗接种计划的进一步发展取决于持续收集有关疫苗可预防疾病发病率、免疫接种率、血清流行率、疫苗相关并发症的有效数据，以及对现有计划的评估。自2001年1月1日起生效的《感染防护法》（IfSG）填补了德国在疫苗可预防疾病监测和疫苗接种计划实施方面的重要空白。此处呈现的数据显示了德国实施疫苗接种后疫苗可预防疾病发病率的下降以及疫苗接种覆盖率的提高，突显了疫苗以及疫苗接种计划的有效性。疫苗接种的接受度受到多种因素的影响，在组织疫苗接种计划时应予以考虑。国际研究表明，提高疫苗接种率的措施包括建立疫苗登记系统、提醒和召回系统、对公众以及医护人员进行教育、对提供者进行报销、改善获取提供者服务的机会以及质量控制措施。此处所述德国存在的不足揭示了对组织疫苗接种计划、提高对疫苗接种覆盖率重要性的认识以及实现与健康相关目标的进一步要求。
