Department of Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2015 Feb;90(1):182-203. doi: 10.1111/brv.12102. Epub 2014 Apr 4.
Fens represent a large array of ecosystem services, including the highest biodiversity found among wetlands, hydrological services, water purification and carbon sequestration. Land-use change and drainage has severely damaged or annihilated these services in many parts of North America and Europe; restoration plans are urgently needed at the landscape level. We review the major constraints on the restoration of rich fens and fen water bodies in agricultural areas in Europe and disturbed landscapes in North America: (i) habitat quality problems: drought, eutrophication, acidification, and toxicity, and (ii) recolonization problems: species pools, ecosystem fragmentation and connectivity, genetic variability, and invasive species; and here provide possible solutions. We discuss both positive and negative consequences of restoration measures, and their causes. The restoration of wetland ecosystem functioning and services has, for a long time, been based on a trial-and-error approach. By presenting research and practice on the restoration of rich fen ecosystems within agricultural areas, we demonstrate the importance of biogeochemical and ecological knowledge at different spatial scales for the management and restoration of biodiversity, water quality, carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, especially in a changing climate. We define target processes that enable scientists, nature managers, water managers and policy makers to choose between different measures and to predict restoration prospects for different types of deteriorated fens and their starting conditions.
湿地具有多种生态系统服务功能，包括在湿地中发现的最高生物多样性、水文服务、水净化和碳固存。土地利用变化和排水已经严重破坏或消灭了北美的许多地区和欧洲的这些服务；迫切需要在景观层面上制定恢复计划。我们回顾了在欧洲农业地区和北美受干扰景观中丰富的湿地和湿地水体恢复的主要限制因素：（i）生境质量问题：干旱、富营养化、酸化和毒性，以及（ii）再殖民化问题：物种库、生态系统破碎化和连通性、遗传变异性和入侵物种；并在此提供可能的解决方案。我们讨论了恢复措施的正反两方面的后果及其原因。湿地生态系统功能和服务的恢复长期以来一直基于试错方法。通过展示农业地区丰富的湿地生态系统恢复方面的研究和实践，我们证明了在不同空间尺度上的生物地球化学和生态学知识对于管理和恢复生物多样性、水质、碳固存和其他生态系统服务的重要性，特别是在气候变化的情况下。我们定义了目标过程，使科学家、自然管理者、水管理者和政策制定者能够在不同的措施之间进行选择，并预测不同类型退化湿地及其起始条件的恢复前景。
