Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
J Biomech. 2014 Jun 3;47(8):1749-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.03.010. Epub 2014 Mar 13.
It is well known that variability is inherent in any biological experiment. Human cadavers (Post-Mortem Human Subjects, PMHS) are routinely used to determine responses to impact loading for crashworthiness applications including civilian (motor vehicle) and military environments. It is important to transform measured variables from PMHS tests (accelerations, forces and deflections) to a standard or reference population, termed normalization. The transformation process should account for inter-specimen variations with some underlying assumptions used during normalization. Scaling is a process by which normalized responses are converted from one standard to another (example, mid-size adult male to large-male and small-size female adults, and to pediatric populations). These responses are used to derive corridors to assess the biofidelity of anthropomorphic test devices (crash dummies) used to predict injury in impact environments and design injury mitigating devices. This survey examines the pros and cons of different approaches for obtaining normalized and scaled responses and corridors used in biomechanical studies for over four decades. Specifically, the equal-stress equal-velocity and impulse-momentum methods along with their variations are discussed in this review. Methods ranging from subjective to quasi-static loading to different approaches are discussed for deriving temporal mean and plus minus one standard deviation human corridors of time-varying fundamental responses and cross variables (e.g., force-deflection). The survey offers some insights into the potential efficacy of these approaches with examples from recent impact tests and concludes with recommendations for future studies. The importance of considering various parameters during the experimental design of human impact tests is stressed.
众所周知，任何生物实验都存在变异性。人体尸体（死后人体受试者，PMHS）通常用于确定耐撞性应用中对冲击加载的响应，包括民用（汽车）和军事环境。将 PMHS 测试（加速度、力和挠度）中的测量变量转换为标准或参考人群，称为归一化，这一点很重要。在归一化过程中，应考虑到标本间的变化，并使用一些基本假设。缩放是将归一化响应从一个标准转换为另一个标准的过程（例如，从中等到成年男性到大型男性和小型成年女性，以及儿科人群）。这些响应用于得出走廊，以评估用于预测冲击环境中伤害和设计减轻伤害装置的拟人测试设备（碰撞假人）的生物逼真度。本调查研究了四十多年来生物力学研究中获得归一化和缩放响应和走廊的不同方法的优缺点。具体来说，本文讨论了等应力等速度和动量矩方法及其变体。讨论了从主观到准静态加载到不同方法的方法，以得出时变基本响应和交叉变量（例如力-挠度）的人类走廊的时间平均值和正负一个标准差。该调查通过最近的冲击测试示例提供了对这些方法的潜在功效的一些见解，并为未来的研究提出了建议。强调了在人体冲击测试的实验设计中考虑各种参数的重要性。
