Fröhlich Eleonore, Roblegg Eva
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2014 Jan;14(1):126-36. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2014.9015.
The use of nanoparticles (NPs) can improve drug delivery in many pharmaceutical applications. Compared to conventional compounds, NPs are expected to show better tissue penetration and to deliver higher drug amounts more selectively to the target site. NP-based formulations are most advanced for parenteral applications but they are also used for delivery across mucus-covered epithelial surfaces (eye, orogastrointestinal tract, airways, and vagina). The mucus layer represents an important barrier for an NP-based delivery system. In this review, mucus composition, architecture, and turnover of the mucus layer at different anatomical locations are addressed. The influence of particle parameters on mucus penetration/permeation is mentioned and examples for mucoadhesive, mucolytic, and mucus-penetrating particle systems are listed. While mucoadhesive particles have a relatively long history in NP-based drug delivery, mucus penetrating NPs have been developed more recently. These particles may be advantageous for drug delivery to anatomical sites with high mucus turnover.
纳米颗粒（NPs）的应用可在许多药物制剂中改善药物递送。与传统化合物相比，纳米颗粒有望表现出更好的组织穿透性，并能更有选择性地将更高剂量的药物递送至靶位点。基于纳米颗粒的制剂在肠胃外给药应用方面最为先进，但它们也用于跨越覆盖有黏液的上皮表面（眼睛、口腔胃肠道、气道和阴道）的递送。黏液层是基于纳米颗粒的递送系统的一个重要屏障。在本综述中，我们探讨了不同解剖位置的黏液层的黏液组成、结构和更新情况。文中提到了颗粒参数对黏液穿透/渗透的影响，并列举了黏膜黏附性、黏液溶解性和黏液穿透性颗粒系统的实例。虽然黏膜黏附性颗粒在基于纳米颗粒的药物递送方面有相对较长的历史，但黏液穿透性纳米颗粒是最近才开发出来的。这些颗粒对于将药物递送至黏液更新率高的解剖部位可能具有优势。
