Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2014 Aug;75:18-31. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.04.004. Epub 2014 Apr 13.
In the 50 years following the introduction of the first dry powder inhaler to the market, several developments have occurred. Multiple-unit dose and multi-dose devices have been introduced, but first generation capsule inhalers are still widely used for new formulations. Many new particle engineering techniques have been developed and considerable effort has been put in understanding the mechanisms that control particle interaction and powder dispersion during inhalation. Yet, several misconceptions about optimal inhaler performance manage to survive in modern literature. It is, for example still widely believed that a flow rate independent fine particle fraction contributes to an inhalation performance independent therapy, that dry powder inhalers perform best at 4 kPa (or 60 L/min) and that a high resistance device cannot be operated correctly by patients with reduced lung function. Nevertheless, there seems to be a great future for dry powder inhalation. Many new areas of interest for dry powder inhalation are explored and with the assistance of new techniques like computational fluid dynamics and emerging particle engineering technologies, this is likely to result in a new generation of inhaler devices and formulations, that will enable the introduction of new therapies based on inhaled medicines.
在第一代干粉吸入器推向市场后的 50 年中，出现了多项发展。多剂量和多剂量装置已经推出，但第一代胶囊吸入器仍广泛用于新配方。许多新的颗粒工程技术已经开发出来，并且在理解控制吸入过程中颗粒相互作用和粉末分散的机制方面投入了大量精力。然而，关于最佳吸入器性能的几个误解在现代文献中仍然存在。例如，人们仍然普遍认为，与治疗效果无关的流速独立的细颗粒分数有助于吸入性能独立的治疗，干粉吸入器在 4 kPa（或 60 L/min）下表现最佳，并且高阻力装置不能由肺功能降低的患者正确操作。然而，干粉吸入似乎有着广阔的未来。干粉吸入的许多新领域正在探索中，借助计算流体动力学和新兴颗粒工程技术等新技术，这可能会导致新一代吸入器装置和配方的出现，从而能够根据吸入药物推出新的治疗方法。
