Kumar Sandeep, Ahlawat Wandit, Bhanjana Gaurav, Heydarifard Solmaz, Nazhad Mousa M, Dilbaghi Neeraj
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2014 Feb;14(2):1838-58. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2014.9050.
The most important component for living beings on the earth is access to clean and safe drinking water. Globally, water scarcity is pervasive even in water-rich areas as immense pressure has been created by the burgeoning human population, industrialization, civilization, environmental changes and agricultural activities. The problem of access to safe water is inevitable and requires tremendous research to devise new, cheaper technologies for purification of water, while taking into account energy requirements and environmental impact. This review highlights nanotechnology-based water treatment technologies being developed and used to improve desalination of sea and brackish water, safe reuse of wastewater, disinfection and decontamination of water, i.e., biosorption and nanoadsorption for contaminant removal, nanophotocatalysis for chemical degradation of contaminants, nanosensors for contaminant detection, different membrane technologies including reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, electro-dialysis etc. This review also deals with the fate and transport of engineered nanomaterials in water and wastewater treatment systems along with the risks associated with nanomaterials.
地球上生物最重要的组成部分是获得清洁安全的饮用水。在全球范围内，即使在水资源丰富的地区，水资源短缺也很普遍，因为人口激增、工业化、城市化、环境变化和农业活动造成了巨大压力。获得安全饮用水的问题不可避免，需要进行大量研究以设计出新的、更廉价的水净化技术，同时要考虑能源需求和环境影响。本综述重点介绍了正在开发和使用的基于纳米技术的水处理技术，这些技术用于改善海水和微咸水的脱盐、废水的安全回用、水的消毒和净化，即用于去除污染物的生物吸附和纳米吸附、用于污染物化学降解的纳米光催化、用于污染物检测的纳米传感器，以及包括反渗透、纳滤、超滤、电渗析等在内的不同膜技术。本综述还讨论了工程纳米材料在水和废水处理系统中的归宿和迁移，以及与纳米材料相关的风险。
