Institute of Neuroscience - Cagliari National Research Council of Italy, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Italy; Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.
Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.
Front Neuroendocrinol. 2014 Aug;35(3):272-84. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.003. Epub 2014 Apr 21.
Gender-dependent differences in the rate of initiation and frequency of misuse of addicting drugs have been widely described. Yet, men and women also differ in their propensity to become addicted to other rewarding stimuli (e.g., sex, food) or activities (e.g., gambling, exercising). The goal of the present review is to summarize current evidence for gender differences not only in drug addiction, but also in other forms of addictive behaviours. Thus, we first reviewed studies showing gender-dependent differences in drug addiction, food addiction, compulsive sexual activity, pathological gambling, Internet addiction and physical exercise addiction. Potential risk factors and underlying brain mechanisms are also examined, with particular emphasis given to the role of sex hormones in modulating addictive behaviours. Investigations on factors allowing the pursuit of non-drug rewards to become pathological in men and women are crucial for designing gender-appropriate treatments of both substance and non-substance addictions.
性别依赖性差异在成瘾药物的起始率和滥用频率方面已得到广泛描述。然而，男性和女性在对其他奖励性刺激（例如性、食物）或活动（例如赌博、锻炼）产生成瘾的倾向也有所不同。本综述的目的是总结不仅在药物成瘾方面，而且在其他形式的成瘾行为方面的性别差异的现有证据。因此，我们首先综述了表明药物成瘾、食物成瘾、强迫性性行为、病理性赌博、网络成瘾和身体锻炼成瘾方面存在性别依赖性差异的研究。还研究了潜在的风险因素和潜在的大脑机制，并特别强调了性激素在调节成瘾行为方面的作用。研究导致男性和女性对非药物奖励的追求变得病态的因素对于设计针对物质和非物质成瘾的性别适宜的治疗方法至关重要。
