KU Leuven, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Level 4 Building M02F, 94 Mallett St Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014 Jun;43:213-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.04.010. Epub 2014 Apr 23.
Besides the continuous motor impairments that characterize Parkinson's disease (PD), patients are frequently troubled by sudden paroxysmal arrests or brief episodes of movement breakdown, referred to as 'freezing'. Freezing of gait (FOG) is common in advanced PD and typically occurs in walking conditions that challenge dynamic motor-cognitive control. Mounting evidence suggests that episodic motor phenomena during repetitive upper limb (e.g. writing), lower limb (e.g. foot tapping) and speech sequences resemble FOG and may share some underlying neural mechanisms. However, the precise association between gait and non-gait freezing phenomena remains controversial. This review aimed to clarify this association based on literature on non-gait freezing published between 2000 and 2013. We focused on clinical and epidemiological features of the episodes and their relevance to current influential models of FOG, including recent neuroimaging studies that used a non-gait freezing paradigm as a proxy for FOG. Although not capturing the full complexity of FOG, the neurobehavioral insights obtained with non-gait freezing paradigms will contribute to an increased understanding of disturbed brain-behavior output in PD.
除了持续的运动障碍是帕金森病（PD）的特征外，患者还经常受到突发性阵发性停止或短暂运动障碍的困扰，称为“冻结”。冻结步态（FOG）在晚期 PD 中很常见，通常发生在挑战动态运动认知控制的行走条件下。越来越多的证据表明，在重复上肢（如书写）、下肢（如脚踏）和言语序列期间的阵发性运动现象类似于 FOG，并且可能共享一些潜在的神经机制。然而，步态和非步态冻结现象之间的确切关联仍然存在争议。本综述旨在根据 2000 年至 2013 年间发表的关于非步态冻结的文献阐明这种关联。我们专注于发作的临床和流行病学特征及其与当前有影响力的 FOG 模型的相关性，包括最近使用非步态冻结范式作为 FOG 替代物的神经影像学研究。尽管非步态冻结范式不能完全捕捉到 FOG 的复杂性，但它获得的神经行为见解将有助于增加对 PD 中大脑行为输出紊乱的理解。
