GABAergic neurons in brainstem auditory nuclei of the chick: distribution, morphology, and connectivity.

The second- and third-order auditory nuclei in the brainstem of the chicken, nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus laminaris (NL), receive afferents that are immunoreactive to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In order to investigate the source(s) of these GABAergic afferents, we examined the distribution, morphology, and connectivity of GABAergic neurons in and adjacent to NM and NL in chicks from 7 days of incubation to 12 days posthatch. Immunocytochemical techniques revealed the presence of approximately 150 GABA-labeled neurons within the neuropil surrounding NM and NL on each side of the brainstem. Most of these neurons are located between NM and NL and along the lateral border of NM. GABAergic neurons are multipolar; their thick dendritic processes branch extensively and give rise to several thin, secondary processes. Frequently, the GABA-labeled processes arborize within NM or NL. The morphology of these non-NM/NL neurons was investigated further with Golgi impregnation and specific neuronal markers (antisera to microtubule-associated protein). Our observations suggest that a considerable portion of GABAergic input to NM and NL originates from local GABAergic neurons. In order to determine other possible sources of GABAergic input to NM and NL, we injected tracers unilaterally into NM/NL. A small number (20-30) of neurons were retrogradely labeled in the trapezoid body, almost exclusively ipsilaterally. No labeled cells were found in other regions of the brainstem, except for the contralateral NM. Unilateral injections of horseradish-peroxidase-labeled wheat germ agglutinin into the paraflocculus revealed only minor terminal labeling in the lateral region of NL bilaterally. The number and distribution of GABAergic terminals in NM and NL appeared normal after transection of the crossed dorsal cochlear tract.