Arciero Paul J, Baur Daniel, Connelly Scott, Ormsbee Michael J
Skidmore College, Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Saratoga Springs, New York;
Florida State University, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida;
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Jul 1;117(1):1-10. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00152.2014. Epub 2014 May 15.
The present study examined the effects of timed ingestion of supplemental protein (20-g servings of whey protein, 3×/day), added to the habitual diet of free-living overweight/obese adults and subsequently randomized to either whey protein only (P; n = 24), whey protein and resistance exercise (P + RT; n = 27), or a whey protein and multimode exercise training program [protein and resistance exercise, intervals, stretching/yoga/Pilates, endurance exercise (PRISE); n = 28]. Total and regional body composition and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), insulin sensitivity [homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)], plasma lipids and adipokines, and feelings of hunger and satiety (visual analog scales) were measured before and after the 16-wk intervention. All groups lost body weight, fat mass (FM), and abdominal fat; however, PRISE lost significantly (P < 0.01) more body weight (3.3 ± 0.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.7 kg, P + RT) and FM (2.8 ± 0.7 vs. 0.9 ± 0.5 kg, P + RT) and gained (P < 0.05) a greater percentage of lean body mass (2 ± 0.5 vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 and 0.6 ± 0.4%, P + RT and P, respectively). Only P + RT (0.1 ± 0.04 kg) and PRISE (0.21 ± 0.07 kg) lost VAT mass (P < 0.05). Fasting glucose decreased only in P + RT (5.1 ± 2.5 mg/dl) and PRISE (15.3 ± 2.1 mg/dl), with the greatest decline occurring in PRISE (P < 0.05). Similarly, HOMA-IR improved (0.6 ± 0.3, 0.6 ± 0.4 units), and leptin decreased (4.7 ± 2.2, 4.7 ± 3.1 ng/dl), and adiponectin increased (3.8 ± 1.1, 2.4 ± 1.1 μg/ml) only in P + RT and PRISE, respectively, with no change in P. In conclusion, we find evidence to support exercise training and timed ingestion of whey protein added to the habitual diet of free-living overweight/obese adults, independent of caloric restriction on total and regional body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and adipokines.
本研究调查了在自由生活的超重/肥胖成年人的日常饮食中定时摄入补充蛋白质（每日3次，每次20克乳清蛋白）的效果，这些成年人随后被随机分为仅摄入乳清蛋白组（P组；n = 24）、乳清蛋白加抗阻运动组（P + RT组；n = 27）或乳清蛋白加多模式运动训练组[蛋白质与抗阻运动、间歇训练、伸展/瑜伽/普拉提、耐力运动（PRISE组）；n = 28]。在为期16周的干预前后，测量了全身和局部身体成分、内脏脂肪组织（VAT）质量（双能X线吸收法）、胰岛素敏感性[稳态模型评估-估计胰岛素抵抗（HOMA-IR）]、血浆脂质和脂肪因子，以及饥饿和饱腹感（视觉模拟量表）。所有组的体重、脂肪量（FM）和腹部脂肪均有所减少；然而，PRISE组体重（3.3±0.7 vs. 1.1±0.7千克，P + RT组）和FM（2.8±0.7 vs. 0.9±0.5千克，P + RT组）的减少幅度显著更大（P < 0.01），且瘦体重增加的百分比更高（分别为2±0.5 vs. 0.9±0.3和0.6±0.4%，P + RT组和P组）。只有P + RT组（0.1±0.04千克）和PRISE组（0.21±0.07千克）的VAT质量减少（P < 0.05）。空腹血糖仅在P + RT组（5.1±2.5毫克/分升）和PRISE组（15.3±2.1毫克/分升）有所下降，其中PRISE组下降幅度最大（P < 0.05）。同样，仅在P + RT组和PRISE组中，HOMA-IR有所改善（分别为0.6±0.3、0.6±0.4单位），瘦素下降（分别为4.7±2.2、4.7±3.1纳克/分升），脂联素增加（分别为3.8±1.1、2.4±1.1微克/毫升），而P组无变化。总之，我们发现有证据支持在自由生活的超重/肥胖成年人的日常饮食中添加运动训练和定时摄入乳清蛋白，这与热量限制无关，对全身和局部体脂分布、胰岛素抵抗和脂肪因子均有影响。
