Moraine M, Duru M, Nicholas P, Leterme P, Therond O
1INRA,UMR 1248 AGIR,F-31320 Castanet-Tolosan,France.
2Institute of Biological,Environmental and Rural Science,Aberystwyth University,Aberystwyth,SY23 3EE,UK.
Animal. 2014 Aug;8(8):1204-17. doi: 10.1017/S1751731114001189. Epub 2014 May 20.
The development of integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) is a major challenge for the ecological modernisation of agriculture but appears difficult to implement at a large scale. A participatory method for ICLS design has been developed and implemented in 15 case studies across Europe, representing a range of production systems, challenges, constraints and resources for innovation. Local stakeholders, primarily farmers, but also cooperatives, environmental-association representatives and natural-resource managers, were involved in the identification of challenges and existing initiatives of crop-livestock integration; in the design of new options at field, farm and territory levels; and then in qualitative multicriteria assessment of these options. A conceptual framework based on a conceptual model (crops, grasslands, animals) was developed to act as a boundary object in the design step and invite innovative thinking in 'metabolic' and 'ecosystemic' approaches. A diversity of crops and grasslands interacting with animals appeared central for designing sustainable farming systems at the territory level, providing and benefitting from ecosystem services. Within this diversity, we define three types of integrated systems according to their degrees of spatial and temporal coordination: complementarity, local synergy, territorial synergy. Moreover, the options for cooperation and collective organisation between farmers and other stakeholders in territories to organise and manage this diversity of land use revealed opportunities for smart social innovation. The qualitative multicriteria assessment identified farmer workload as the main issue of concern while demonstrating expected benefits of ICLS simultaneously for economic, agronomic, environmental and social criteria. This study concludes that participatory design of ICLS based on a generic multi-level and multi-domain framework and a methodology to deal with a local context can identify new systems to be tested. Further assessment and redesign work will be performed in later stages of the European FP7 CANTOGETHER project.
农牧结合系统（ICLS）的发展是农业生态现代化面临的一项重大挑战，但大规模实施起来似乎困难重重。一种用于ICLS设计的参与式方法已经开发出来，并在欧洲各地的15个案例研究中得到应用，这些案例代表了一系列生产系统、挑战、制约因素和创新资源。当地利益相关者，主要是农民，还有合作社、环境协会代表和自然资源管理者，参与了对农牧结合挑战和现有举措的识别；参与了田间、农场和区域层面新方案的设计；然后参与了对这些方案的定性多标准评估。基于一个概念模型（作物、草地、动物）开发了一个概念框架，在设计阶段作为一个边界对象，以激发“代谢”和“生态系统”方法中的创新思维。不同的作物和草地与动物相互作用，似乎是在区域层面设计可持续农业系统的核心，既能提供生态系统服务，又能从中受益。在这种多样性中，我们根据空间和时间协调程度定义了三种类型的综合系统：互补性、局部协同性、区域协同性。此外，农民与区域内其他利益相关者之间在组织和管理这种土地利用多样性方面的合作和集体组织选项，揭示了智能社会创新的机会。定性多标准评估确定农民工作量是主要关注问题，同时证明了ICLS在经济、农艺、环境和社会标准方面的预期效益。本研究得出结论，基于通用的多层次多领域框架和应对当地情况的方法对ICLS进行参与式设计，可以识别出有待测试的新系统。欧洲第七框架计划（FP7）“CANTOGETHER”项目的后续阶段将进行进一步的评估和重新设计工作。
