University of Zurich (Switzerland), Forschungsstelle für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Universität Zürich, Rämistrasse 64, 8001 Zürich, Switzerland.
Soc Sci Med. 2014 Nov;120:317-24. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.017. Epub 2014 May 14.
This paper evaluates disaster medicine from a historical perspective that facilitates the understanding of its present. Today, disaster medicine and humanitarian medicine are inextricably linked and the terms are sometimes used synonymously. An in-depth analysis of an extensive body of concrete empirical cases from various sources (i.e. archival records) reveals, however, that they have not always been the same. A genealogical, history-of-knowledge approach demonstrates that the concept of disaster medicine emerged in the early 20th century in Switzerland in the context of industrialization. Even though it gained important impetus during the First World War, the concept was informed by the experiences of forensic physicians in technological disasters such as mining explosions. The Cold War constituted the historical constellation in which disaster medicine was developed in West Germany during the 1960s and 1970s in a way that was paradigmatic for other Western European countries. At the same time, it was contested there in an unusual, historically unique way. Although focusing on a Western European context, this paper explores how medical interventions in disasters were international events and how the practice of disaster medicine was developed and "trained" through being applied in the Global South. It demonstrates the historicity of disaster medicine's political character and of the controversies generated by its involvement in civil and military operations. Throughout the 20th century, the political nature and military involvement of disaster medicine resulted in a number of ethical and practical issues, which are similar to the challenges facing humanitarian medicine today. The exploration of disaster medicine's past can therefore open up critical interventions in humanitarian medicine's present.
本文从历史角度评估灾难医学，以帮助理解其现状。如今，灾难医学和人道主义医学紧密相连，有时这两个术语可以互换使用。然而，通过对来自不同来源（例如档案记录）的大量具体经验案例进行深入分析，可以发现它们并不总是相同的。从知识史的角度来看，灾难医学的概念是在 20 世纪初瑞士工业化背景下产生的。尽管它在第一次世界大战期间获得了重要的推动力，但这个概念是由法医在技术灾难（如采矿爆炸）中的经验所启发的。冷战是灾难医学在 20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代在西德发展的历史背景，这种发展模式对其他西欧国家具有典范意义。与此同时，它在那里以一种不同寻常的、具有历史独特性的方式受到了争议。尽管本文重点关注的是西欧背景，但它探讨了灾难中的医疗干预是如何成为国际事件的，以及灾难医学是如何通过在南半球的应用而得到发展和“培训”的。它展示了灾难医学的政治性质及其在民事和军事行动中所引发的争议的历史性。在整个 20 世纪，灾难医学的政治性质和军事参与导致了许多伦理和实际问题，这些问题与当今人道主义医学所面临的挑战相似。因此，探索灾难医学的过去可以为人道主义医学的现在提供批判性的干预。
