CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005 Paris, France; Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France.
Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75014, France.
Dev Biol. 2014 Aug 15;392(2):308-23. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.05.015. Epub 2014 May 29.
Tight regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation is required to ensure proper growth during development and post-natal life. The source and nature of signals regulating cell proliferation are not well identified in vivo. We investigated the specific pattern of proliferating cells in mouse limbs, using the Fluorescent ubiquitynation-based cell-cycle indicator (Fucci) system, which allowed the visualization of the G1, G1/S transition and S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle in red, yellow or green fluorescent colors, respectively. We also used the retroviral RCAS system to express a Fucci cassette in chick embryos. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the cell cycle state of myogenic cells in fetal limb muscles, adult myoblast primary cultures and isolated muscle fiber cultures using the Fucci transgenic mice. We found that myonuclei of terminally differentiated muscle fibers displayed Fucci red fluorescence during mouse and chick fetal development, in adult isolated muscle fiber (ex vivo) and adult myoblast (in vitro) mouse cultures. This indicated that myonuclei exited from the cell cycle in the G1 phase and are maintained in a blocked G1-like state. We also found that cycling muscle progenitors and myoblasts in G1 phase were not completely covered by the Fucci system. During mouse fetal myogenesis, Pax7+ cells labeled with the Fucci system were observed mostly in S/G2/M phases. Proliferating cells in S/G2/M phases displayed a specific pattern in mouse fetal limbs, delineating individualized muscles. In addition, we observed more Pax7+ cells in S/G2/M phases at muscle tips, compared to the middle of muscles. These results highlight a specific spatial regionalization of cycling cells at the muscle borders and muscle-tendon interface during fetal development.
细胞增殖和分化的严格调控是确保发育和出生后生命过程中正常生长所必需的。在体内,调节细胞增殖的信号源和性质尚不清楚。我们使用荧光泛素细胞周期指示剂(Fucci)系统,研究了小鼠四肢中增殖细胞的特定模式,该系统分别用红色、黄色或绿色荧光显示细胞周期的 G1、G1/S 转换和 S/G2/M 期。我们还使用逆转录病毒 RCAS 系统在鸡胚中表达 Fucci 盒。我们使用 Fucci 转基因小鼠对胎儿肢体肌肉、成年成肌细胞原代培养物和分离的肌肉纤维培养物中的成肌细胞的细胞周期状态进行了全面分析。我们发现,在小鼠和鸡的胎儿发育过程中、在成年分离的肌肉纤维(离体)和成年成肌细胞(体外)的小鼠培养物中,终末分化的肌纤维的肌核显示 Fucci 红色荧光。这表明肌核已退出细胞周期的 G1 期,并保持在类似于 G1 的阻滞状态。我们还发现,处于 G1 期的有丝分裂肌肉前体细胞和成肌细胞并未完全被 Fucci 系统覆盖。在小鼠胎儿成肌过程中,用 Fucci 系统标记的 Pax7+细胞主要处于 S/G2/M 期。处于 S/G2/M 期的增殖细胞在小鼠胎儿肢体中呈现出特定的模式,勾勒出个体化的肌肉。此外,我们观察到在肌肉尖端的 S/G2/M 期有更多的 Pax7+细胞,而在肌肉中部则较少。这些结果突出了在胎儿发育过程中,在肌肉边界和肌肉-肌腱交界处,有丝分裂细胞的特定空间分区。
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