Coelho Gabriela Morgado de Oliveira, Gomes Ainá Innocencio da Silva, Ribeiro Beatriz Gonçalves, Soares Eliane de Abreu
Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé Campus, Granja dos Cavaleiros, Macaé, Brazil.
Open Access J Sports Med. 2014 May 12;5:105-13. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S36528. eCollection 2014.
Eating disorders are serious mental diseases that frequently appear in female athletes. They are abnormal eating behaviors that can be diagnosed only by strict criteria. Disordered eating, although also characterized as abnormal eating behavior, does not include all the criteria for diagnosing eating disorders and is therefore a way to recognize the problem in its early stages. It is important to identify factors to avoid clinical progression in this high-risk population. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss critical information for the prevention of eating disorders in female athletes. This review discusses the major correlates for the development of an eating disorder. We also discuss which athletes are possibly at highest risk for eating disorders, including those from lean sports and female adolescent athletes. There is an urgent need for the demystification of myths surrounding body weight and performance in sports. This review includes studies that tested different prevention programs' effectiveness, and the majority showed positive results. Educational programs are the best method for primary prevention of eating disorders. For secondary prevention, early identification is essential and should be performed by preparticipation exams, the recognition of dietary markers, and the use of validated self-report questionnaires or clinical interviews. In addition, more randomized clinical trials are needed with athletes from multiple sports in order for the most reliable recommendations to be made and for some sporting regulations to be changed.
饮食失调是经常出现在女运动员身上的严重精神疾病。它们是异常的饮食行为，只能通过严格的标准来诊断。饮食紊乱虽然也被视为异常饮食行为，但并不包括诊断饮食失调的所有标准，因此是在早期阶段识别问题的一种方式。识别相关因素对于避免这一高风险人群的病情发展至关重要。因此，本综述的目的是讨论预防女运动员饮食失调的关键信息。本综述讨论了饮食失调发展的主要相关因素。我们还讨论了哪些运动员可能患饮食失调症的风险最高，包括那些从事轻量级运动的运动员和青少年女运动员。迫切需要消除围绕体育运动中体重和表现的种种误解。本综述纳入了测试不同预防方案有效性的研究，大多数研究都显示出了积极的结果。教育项目是预防饮食失调的最佳方法。对于二级预防，早期识别至关重要，应通过赛前检查、饮食指标的识别以及使用经过验证的自我报告问卷或临床访谈来进行。此外，还需要对来自多个运动项目的运动员开展更多随机临床试验，以便给出最可靠的建议，并对一些体育规则进行修改。
