Centre for Environmental Sustainability, School of the Environment, University of Technology Sydney , P.O. Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Jun 25;62(25):6016-24. doi: 10.1021/jf501077w. Epub 2014 Jun 17.
Rice is an important route of arsenic (As) exposure to humans, especially populations with rice-based diets. Human health risk of As varies greatly with rice variety and country of origin. The purpose of the present study was to determine total and speciated As in Australian-grown and imported rice on sale in Australia to assess their health risk to consumers. The total As (tAs) concentrations in Australian-grown organic brown, medium grain brown, and organic white rice were 438±23, 287±03, and 283±18 μg kg(-1) dry weight (d wt), respectively. In Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani, and Thai rice imported and on sale in Australia, tAs concentrations were 56±05, 92±10, 82±06 and 172±24 μg kg(-1), respectively. Asian rice contained mainly inorganic As (iAs; 86-99%), whereas 18-26% of the tAs in Australian-grown rice was dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Relatively higher concentrations of tAs in Australian-grown rice than that in imported rice of Asian origin suggest that Australian-grown rice may be a health risk for the consumers. It was estimated that Australian-grown organic brown rice can contribute up to 98% of the FAO/WHO recommended maximum tolerable daily intake limit of iAs (2.1 μg kg(-1) body wt day(-1)) for Asian immigrants. However, other Australian consumers including European immigrants are unlikely to be at risk to As from rice diets due to their lower rice consumption rates than that of Asian immigrants. The risk assessment showed that imported rice on sale in Australia was likely to pose a lower health risk to consumers than Australian-grown rice.
大米是人类摄入砷（As）的重要途径，尤其是以大米为主食的人群。不同品种的大米和产地的砷含量存在差异，因此对人体健康的影响也不同。本研究旨在测定澳大利亚种植和进口的大米中总砷（tAs）和砷的形态，评估其对澳大利亚消费者的健康风险。澳大利亚种植的有机糙米、中粒糙米和有机白米的总砷含量分别为 438±23、287±03 和 283±18μg kg(-1) 干重（dwt）。进口并在澳大利亚销售的孟加拉国、印度、巴基斯坦和泰国大米的总砷含量分别为 56±05、92±10、82±06 和 172±24μg kg(-1)。亚洲大米主要含有无机砷（iAs；86-99%），而澳大利亚种植的大米中 18-26%的总砷为二甲基砷酸（DMA）。澳大利亚种植的大米中的总砷含量相对高于亚洲进口大米，这表明澳大利亚种植的大米可能对消费者的健康构成威胁。据估计，澳大利亚种植的有机糙米可能会使亚洲移民达到 FAO/WHO 推荐的最大耐受日摄入量（iAs 为 2.1μg kg(-1) 体重·天(-1))的 98%。然而，其他澳大利亚消费者，包括欧洲移民，由于其大米摄入量低于亚洲移民，因此不太可能因大米饮食而摄入砷。风险评估表明，澳大利亚销售的进口大米对消费者的健康风险可能低于澳大利亚种植的大米。
