Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Front Psychol. 2014 May 20;5:429. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00429. eCollection 2014.
In the present paper, we will apply the predictive and reactive control systems (PARCS) theory as a framework that integrates competing theories of neural substrates of awareness by describing the "default mode network" (DMN) and anterior insula (AI) as parts of two different behavioral and homeostatic control systems. The DMN, a network that becomes active at rest when there is no external stimulation or task to perform, has been implicated in self-reflective awareness and prospection. By contrast, the AI is associated with awareness and task-related attention. This has led to competing theories stressing the role of the DMN in self-awareness vs. the role of interoceptive and emotional information integration in the AI in awareness of the emotional moment. In PARCS, the respective functions of the DMN and AI in a specific control system explains their association with different qualities of awareness, and how mental states can shift from one state (e.g., prospective self-reflection) to the other (e.g., awareness of the emotional moment) depending on the relative dominance of control systems. These shifts between reactive and predictive control are part of processes that enable the intake of novel information, integration of this novel information within existing knowledge structures, and the creation of a continuous personal context in which novel information can be integrated and understood. As such, PARCS can explain key characteristics of mental states, such as their temporal and spatial focus (e.g., a focus on the here and now vs. the future; a first person vs. a third person perspective). PARCS further relates mental states to brain states and functions, such as activation of the DMN or hemispheric asymmetry in frontal cortical functions. Together, PARCS deepens the understanding of a broad range of mental states, including mindfulness, mind wandering, rumination, autobiographical memory, imagery, and the experience of self.
在本文中，我们将应用预测和反应控制系统（PARCS）理论作为一个框架，通过将“默认模式网络”（DMN）和前岛叶（AI）描述为两个不同的行为和动态平衡控制系统的部分，整合意识的神经基质的竞争理论。DMN 是一个在没有外部刺激或任务执行时处于活跃状态的网络，与自我反思意识和前瞻性有关。相比之下，AI 与意识和与任务相关的注意力有关。这导致了竞争理论，强调 DMN 在自我意识中的作用与 AI 中内感受和情绪信息整合在情绪时刻意识中的作用。在 PARCS 中，DMN 和 AI 在特定控制系统中的各自功能解释了它们与不同意识质量的关联，以及心理状态如何根据控制系统的相对优势从一种状态（例如，前瞻性自我反思）转变为另一种状态（例如，对情绪时刻的意识）。这些从反应性到预测性控制的转变是使新信息摄入、将新信息整合到现有知识结构中以及创建新信息可以整合和理解的连续个人背景的过程的一部分。因此，PARCS 可以解释心理状态的关键特征，例如它们的时间和空间焦点（例如，关注此时此地与未来；第一人称与第三人称视角）。PARCS 进一步将心理状态与大脑状态和功能联系起来，例如 DMN 的激活或额皮质功能的半球不对称。总之，PARCS 加深了对广泛的心理状态的理解，包括正念、思维漫游、沉思、自传体记忆、意象和自我体验。
