Krstenansky John L, Muzzio Miguel
Keck Graduate Institute School of Pharmacy, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
IIT Research Institute, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
J Anal Toxicol. 2014 Sep;38(7):451-5. doi: 10.1093/jat/bku054. Epub 2014 Jun 7.
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogen sold over the internet in several forms. Perhaps the most common method of use is smoking the dried leaf material. The sole presumed active constituent, salvinorin A, is a selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist. Upon smoking of the dried leaf material, some of the salvinorin A is destroyed or converted to other materials, leaving in question the actual amount of salvinorin A delivered that leads to the psychotomimetic effect. On average, 133 μg of salvinorin A was delivered in the smoke from an 830 mg per cigarette, which contained ∼2.7 mg of salvinorin A. Hence, only ∼5% of the salvinorin A available in the dried plant material was delivered in the smoke. Upon smoking, hydrolysis of salvinorin A to salvinorin B, an inactive and minor component of the leaf material, also occurs as evidenced by a higher delivered amount of salvinorin B vs salvinorin A (217 vs 133 μg per cigarette). Since smoking is an effective means of achieving the hallucinogenic effect and salvinorin A is the presumed sole active ingredient in the plant, the estimated effective dose of salvinorin A by inhalation is <133 μg per person. Considering the reported rapid metabolism of salvinorin A in vivo, the dose reaching the brain would be substantially less.
鼠尾草是一种通过互联网以多种形式售卖的致幻剂。或许最常见的使用方法是吸食干燥的叶片材料。唯一被认为具有活性的成分是鼠尾草酸A，它是一种选择性κ-阿片受体激动剂。吸食干燥的叶片材料时，部分鼠尾草酸A会被破坏或转化为其他物质，这使得导致拟精神病效应的实际输送的鼠尾草酸A量成了问题。平均而言，每支含约2.7毫克鼠尾草酸A、每支重830毫克的香烟所产生的烟雾中输送了133微克鼠尾草酸A。因此，干燥植物材料中可用的鼠尾草酸A仅有约5%在烟雾中被输送。吸食时，鼠尾草酸A会水解为鼠尾草酸B（叶片材料中的一种无活性的次要成分），这一点可从每支香烟中输送的鼠尾草酸B量高于鼠尾草酸A量得到证明（分别为217微克和133微克）。由于吸食是产生致幻效果的有效方式，且鼠尾草酸A被认为是该植物中唯一的活性成分，通过吸入方式摄入鼠尾草酸A的估计有效剂量为人均<133微克。考虑到体内鼠尾草酸A代谢迅速的报道，到达大脑的剂量会大幅减少。
