Istituto di Chimica Agraria e Ambientale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 84 Emilia Parmense, 29100 Piacenza, Italy.
Istituto di Chimica Agraria e Ambientale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 84 Emilia Parmense, 29100 Piacenza, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Aug 15;490:748-56. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.063. Epub 2014 Jun 6.
Agriculture is the largest freshwater consumer, accounting for 70% of the world's water withdrawal. Water footprints (WFs) are being increasingly used to indicate the impacts of water use by production systems. A new methodology to assess WF of wine was developed in the framework of the V.I.V.A. project (Valutazione Impatto Viticoltura sull'Ambiente), launched by the Italian Ministry for the Environment in 2011 to improve the Italian wine sector's sustainability. The new methodology has been developed that enables different vines from the same winery to be compared. This was achieved by calculating the gray water footprint, following Tier III approach proposed by Hoekstra et al. (2011). The impact of water use during the life cycle of grape-wine production was assessed for six different wines from the same winery in Sicily, Italy using both the newly developed methodology (V.I.V.A.) and the classical methodology proposed by the Water Footprint Network (WFN). In all cases green water was the largest contributor to WF, but the new methodology also detected differences between vines of the same winery. Furthermore, V.I.V.A. methodology assesses water body contamination by pesticides application whereas the WFN methodology considers just fertilization. This fact ended highlights the highest WF of vineyard 4 calculated by V.I.V.A. if compared with the WF calculated with WFN methodology. Comparing the WF of wine produced with grapes from the six different wines, the factors most greatly influencing the results obtained in this study were: distance from the water body, fertilization rate, amount and eco-toxicological behavior of the active ingredients used.
农业是最大的淡水消费者，占全球取水量的 70%。水足迹（WFs）正越来越多地被用于指示生产系统用水的影响。在意大利环境部于 2011 年发起的 V.I.V.A. 项目（Valutazione Impatto Viticoltura sull'Ambiente，评估葡萄酒对环境的影响）框架内，开发了一种新的评估葡萄酒 WF 的方法。该新方法使同一酿酒厂的不同葡萄藤可以进行比较。这是通过按照 Hoekstra 等人（2011 年）提出的三级方法计算灰水足迹来实现的。使用意大利西西里岛同一酿酒厂的六种不同葡萄酒，使用新开发的方法（V.I.V.A.）和水足迹网络（WFN）提出的经典方法评估了葡萄-葡萄酒生产生命周期中用水的影响。在所有情况下，绿水都是 WF 的最大贡献者，但新方法也检测到了同一酿酒厂的葡萄藤之间的差异。此外，V.I.V.A. 方法评估了农药应用对水体的污染，而 WFN 方法仅考虑施肥。这一事实最终突显了 V.I.V.A. 方法计算的葡萄园 4 的 WF 最高，如果与 WFN 方法计算的 WF 相比。比较用六种不同葡萄酒的葡萄酿造的葡萄酒的 WF，对本研究结果影响最大的因素是：与水体的距离、施肥率、使用的有效成分的数量和生态毒性行为。
