Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, PC, Italy.
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, PC, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Dec 10;799:149446. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149446. Epub 2021 Aug 4.
The wine industry has faced two significant environmental problems in recent years: productivity is challenged by environmental trends such as global warming, and buyers are becoming more environmentally conscious. From an environmental standpoint, the food industry is one of the most impacting sectors and wine results as one of the most studied agri-food products in the scientific literature. In general, comprehensive studies that consider an application of set of indicators to evaluate the overall sustainability of wine sector are lacking in literature. This paper aims to carry out a sustainable assessment using different indicators for fifteen Italian red wines: Water Footprint (WF), Carbon Footprint (CF), Vineyard Indicator (VI), and Territory Indicator (TI). VI is an indicator of the vineyard's agronomic management's sustainability at plot level with values ranging from 0 (fully sustainable) to 1 (fully not sustainable), while TI covers the socio-economical aspects of sustainability. Considering system boundaries from cradle to grave, at 90% confidence interval, CF results ranged between 0.97 kg CO eq./functional unit and 1.97 kg CO eq./functional unit, with an average estimated at 1.47 kg CO eq./functional unit, while the WF of a 0.75 L bottle of wine from cradle to gate is 666.7 L/functional unit on average, out of which 86.75% is green, 1.92% is blue and 11.34% is grey water. Concerning the VI, at 90% confidence interval VI results were between 0.117 and 0.498 with an average estimated at 0.307. The results of the correlation analyses confirmed that each indicator is not statistically correlated with each other. Concerning the sub-indicators, a positive correlation has been found between the total CF and the sum of blue and grey WF. The application of a multi-criteria analysis for sustainability performances evaluation of the wine sector presented in this study can be used by wine companies' experts to better assess sustainability performances.
近年来，葡萄酒行业面临着两个重大的环境问题：一方面，全球变暖等环境趋势对生产力提出了挑战；另一方面，消费者的环保意识不断增强。从环境角度来看，食品行业是受影响最大的行业之一，而葡萄酒是科学文献中研究最多的农业食品产品之一。总的来说，文献中缺乏综合考虑应用一组指标来评估葡萄酒行业整体可持续性的研究。本文旨在使用不同的指标对 15 种意大利红葡萄酒进行可持续性评估：水足迹（WF）、碳足迹（CF）、葡萄园指标（VI）和产地指标（TI）。VI 是一种衡量葡萄园在地块水平上农业管理可持续性的指标，其值范围从 0（完全可持续）到 1（完全不可持续），而 TI 涵盖了可持续性的社会经济方面。在摇篮到坟墓的系统边界内，在 90%置信区间内，CF 的结果范围在 0.97 千克 CO eq./功能单位到 1.97 千克 CO eq./功能单位之间，平均值估计为 1.47 千克 CO eq./功能单位，而从摇篮到大门的 0.75 升葡萄酒瓶 WF 的平均值为 666.7 升/功能单位，其中 86.75%是绿水，1.92%是蓝水，11.34%是灰水。关于 VI，在 90%置信区间内，VI 的结果在 0.117 和 0.498 之间，平均值估计为 0.307。相关性分析的结果证实，每个指标与其他指标均无统计学相关性。关于子指标，已经发现总 CF 与蓝水和灰水的总和呈正相关。本文对葡萄酒行业可持续性表现评估的多标准分析应用可被葡萄酒公司的专家用于更好地评估可持续性表现。
