State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Aug 15;490:987-93. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.087. Epub 2014 Jun 7.
Pharmaceuticals are heavily used to improve human and animal health, resulting in the frequent contamination of aquatic environments with pharmaceutical residues, which has raised considerable concern in recent years. When inadequately removed from drinking water in water treatment plants, pharmaceuticals can have potential toxic effects on human health. This study investigated the spatial distributions and seasonal variations of five pharmaceuticals, including ibuprofen (IBP), ketoprofen (KEP), naproxen (NPX), diclofenac (DFC), and clofibric acid (CA), in the Huangpu River system (a drinking water source for Shanghai) over a period of almost two years as well as the associated risk to human health for different age groups. All of the targets were ubiquitous in the river water, with levels decreasing in the following order: KEP (mean: 28.6 ng/L)≈IBP (23.3 ng/L)>DFC (13.6 ng/L)≈NPX (12.3 ng/L)>CA (1.6ng/L). The concentrations of all of the investigated compounds were at the low or medium end of the global range. The upstream tributaries contained lower IBP but higher NPX than did the mainstream and downstream tributaries. However, no significant variations were found in the levels of KEP, DFC, or CA at the different sampling sites. Except for CA in the mainstream, significantly higher pharmaceutical levels were observed in the dry season than in the wet season. Overall, a very low risk of the selected pharmaceuticals for human health via drinking water was observed, but future studies are needed to examine the fate and chronic effects of all pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments. To our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate the human health risk of pharmaceuticals in raw drinking water in China.
药品被广泛用于改善人类和动物的健康，导致其在水环境中的残留频繁污染，这在近年来引起了相当大的关注。当这些药品在水处理厂中没有被充分去除时，它们可能会对人类健康产生潜在的毒性影响。本研究调查了黄浦江系统（上海的饮用水源）近两年来五种药品（布洛芬（IBP）、酮洛芬（KEP）、萘普生（NPX）、双氯芬酸（DFC）和氯贝酸（CA））的空间分布和季节性变化，以及不同年龄组人群面临的健康风险。所有目标都在河水中普遍存在，其浓度依次降低：KEP（平均值：28.6ng/L）≈IBP（23.3ng/L）>DFC（13.6ng/L）≈NPX（12.3ng/L）>CA（1.6ng/L）。所有被调查化合物的浓度都处于全球范围的低端或中端。与主流和下游支流相比，上游支流的 IBP 浓度较低，但 NPX 浓度较高。然而，在不同采样点，KEP、DFC 或 CA 的水平没有发现明显变化。除了主流中的 CA，旱季的药品浓度明显高于雨季。总体而言，通过饮用水摄入所选药品对人类健康的风险非常低，但未来需要研究所有在水环境中的药品的归宿和慢性影响。据我们所知，这是首次在中国对原水饮用水中药物的人类健康风险进行调查。
