Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mahidol University, Thailand.
Chemosphere. 2013 Apr;91(5):697-704. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.042. Epub 2013 Jan 16.
Pharmaceuticals have been frequently detected in aquatic environment worldwide and suspected for potential ecological consequences. However, occurrences, sources and potential risks of pharmaceutical residues have rarely been investigated in Bangkok, Thailand, one of most densely populated cities in the world. We collected water samples from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), six canals, and in mainstream Chao Phraya River of Bangkok, in three sampling events representing different seasonal flow conditions, i.e., June and September 2011 and January 2012. Fourteen major pharmaceuticals including acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, atenolol, caffeine, ciprofloxacin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen, roxithromycin, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole and trimethoprim were analyzed. Levels of pharmaceutical residues in WWTP influents on average were the highest for acetylsalicylic acid (4700 ng L(-1)), followed by caffeine (2250 ng L(-1)) and ibuprofen (702 ng L(-1)). In effluents, the concentration of caffeine was the highest (307 ng L(-1)), followed by acetylsalicylic acid (261 ng L(-1)) and mefenamic acid (251 ng L(-1)). In surface water, acetylsalicylic acid showed the highest levels (on average 1360 ng L(-1) in canals and 313 ng L(-1) in the river). Removal efficiencies of WWTPs for roxithromycin, sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazine were determined negligible. For several compounds, the concentrations in ambient water were higher than those detected in the effluents, implying contribution of the WWTPs to be negligible. Hazard quotients estimated for acetylsalicylic acid, ciprofloxacin, diclofenac and mefenamic acid in most of the canals and that of ciprofloxacin in the river, were greater than or close to 1, suggesting potential ecological risks. Ecological implications of the pharmaceutical residues in Bangkok waterway warrant further investigation.
药品在世界范围内的水生环境中经常被检测到，并被怀疑对潜在的生态后果有影响。然而，在曼谷，泰国这个世界上人口最密集的城市之一，药品残留的发生、来源和潜在风险却很少被研究过。我们在三个采样事件中从五个废水处理厂（WWTP）、六个运河和曼谷的湄南河主流采集了水样，这三个采样事件分别代表了不同的季节性水流条件，即 2011 年 6 月和 9 月以及 2012 年 1 月。分析了包括对乙酰氨基酚、乙酰水杨酸、阿替洛尔、咖啡因、环丙沙星、双氯芬酸、布洛芬、甲芬那酸、萘普生、罗红霉素、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺噻唑和甲氧苄啶在内的 14 种主要药物。WWTP 进水口的药物残留水平平均以乙酰水杨酸（4700ng/L）最高，其次是咖啡因（2250ng/L）和布洛芬（702ng/L）。在出水口，咖啡因的浓度最高（307ng/L），其次是乙酰水杨酸（261ng/L）和甲芬那酸（251ng/L）。在地表水中，乙酰水杨酸的含量最高（平均为运河中的 1360ng/L 和河流中的 313ng/L）。WWTP 对罗红霉素、磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺噻唑的去除效率可忽略不计。对于几种化合物，环境水中的浓度高于流出物中的浓度，这意味着 WWTP 的贡献可以忽略不计。在大多数运河和湄南河的河流中，估算的乙酰水杨酸、环丙沙星、双氯芬酸和甲芬那酸的危害系数大于或接近 1，表明存在潜在的生态风险。有必要对曼谷航道中药物残留的生态影响进行进一步调查。
