Temmam Sarah, Davoust Bernard, Berenger Jean-Michel, Raoult Didier, Desnues Christelle
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE) UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France.
Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Jun 10;15(6):10377-97. doi: 10.3390/ijms150610377.
Many human viral infections have a zoonotic, i.e., wild or domestic animal, origin. Several zoonotic viruses are transmitted to humans directly via contact with an animal or indirectly via exposure to the urine or feces of infected animals or the bite of a bloodsucking arthropod. If a virus is able to adapt and replicate in its new human host, human-to-human transmissions may occur, possibly resulting in an epidemic, such as the A/H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009. Thus, predicting emerging zoonotic infections is an important challenge for public health officials in the coming decades. The recent development of viral metagenomics, i.e., the characterization of the complete viral diversity isolated from an organism or an environment using high-throughput sequencing technologies, is promising for the surveillance of such diseases and can be accomplished by analyzing the viromes of selected animals and arthropods that are closely in contact with humans. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of viral diversity within such animals (in particular blood-feeding arthropods, wildlife and domestic animals) using metagenomics and present its possible future application for the surveillance of zoonotic and arboviral diseases.
许多人类病毒感染源自动物，即野生动物或家畜。几种人畜共患病毒通过与动物直接接触，或通过接触受感染动物的尿液或粪便，或被吸血节肢动物叮咬间接传播给人类。如果一种病毒能够在其新的人类宿主中适应并复制，就可能发生人际传播，进而可能引发疫情，比如2009年的甲型H1N1流感大流行。因此，预测新出现的人畜共患感染是未来几十年公共卫生官员面临的一项重大挑战。病毒宏基因组学的最新进展，即使用高通量测序技术对从生物体或环境中分离出的完整病毒多样性进行表征，有望用于此类疾病的监测，可通过分析与人类密切接触的选定动物和节肢动物的病毒组来实现。在本综述中，我们总结了利用宏基因组学对这类动物（特别是吸血节肢动物、野生动物和家畜）体内病毒多样性的现有认识，并介绍其在人畜共患和虫媒病毒疾病监测方面可能的未来应用。
