Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
Antiviral Res. 2014 Aug;108:104-28. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.016. Epub 2014 Jun 9.
A number of tick-borne diseases of humans have increased in incidence and geographic range over the past few decades, and there is concern that they will pose an even greater threat to public health in future. Although global warming is often cited as the underlying mechanism favoring the spread of tick-borne diseases, climate is just one of many factors that determine which tick species are found in a given geographic region, their population density, the likelihood that they will be infected with microbes pathogenic for humans and the frequency of tick-human contact. This article provides basic information needed for microbiologists to understand the many factors that affect the geographic range and population density of ticks and the risk of human exposure to infected ticks. It first briefly summarizes the life cycle and basic ecology of ticks and how ticks and vertebrate hosts interact, then reviews current understanding of the role of climate, sociodemographic factors, agricultural development and changes in human behavior that affect the incidence of tick-borne diseases. These concepts are then illustrated in specific discussions of tick-borne encephalitis and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
过去几十年中，许多人类传染病的发病率和地理范围都有所增加，人们担心它们将来会对公共卫生造成更大的威胁。尽管全球变暖通常被认为是有利于蜱传疾病传播的潜在机制，但气候只是决定特定地理区域内发现哪些蜱种、它们的种群密度、它们感染对人类致病微生物的可能性以及蜱与人接触的频率的众多因素之一。本文为微生物学家提供了理解影响蜱的地理范围和种群密度以及人类接触感染蜱的风险的许多因素所需的基本信息。它首先简要总结了蜱的生命周期和基本生态学以及蜱与脊椎动物宿主的相互作用，然后回顾了目前对气候、社会人口因素、农业发展以及人类行为变化影响蜱传疾病发病率的认识。然后，在对蜱传脑炎和克里米亚-刚果出血热的具体讨论中说明了这些概念。
