Cohen Adiel, Kupiec Martin, Weisman Ronit
From the Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Open University of Israel, University Road 1, 4353701 Ranana and.
the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
J Biol Chem. 2014 Aug 1;289(31):21727-37. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.573824. Epub 2014 Jun 13.
The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase belongs to the highly conserved eukaryotic family of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases. TOR proteins are found at the core of two evolutionary conserved complexes, known as TORC1 and TORC2. In fission yeast, TORC2 is dispensable for proliferation under optimal growth conditions but is required for starvation and stress responses. TORC2 has been implicated in a wide variety of functions; however, the signals that regulate TORC2 activity have so far remained obscure. TORC2 has one known direct substrate, the AGC kinase Gad8, which is related to AKT in human cells. Gad8 is phosphorylated by TORC2 at Ser-546 (equivalent to AKT Ser-473), leading to its activation. Here, we show that glucose is necessary and sufficient to induce Gad8 Ser-546 phosphorylation in vivo and Gad8 kinase activity in vitro. The glucose signal that activates TORC2-Gad8 is mediated via the cAMP/PKA pathway, a major glucose-sensing pathway. By contrast, Pmk1, similar to human extracellular signal-regulated kinases and a major stress-induced mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in fission yeast, inhibits TORC2-dependent Gad8 phosphorylation and activation. Inhibition of TORC2-Gad8 also occurs in response to ionic or osmotic stress, in a manner dependent on the cAMP/PKA and Pmk1-MAPK signaling pathways. Our findings highlight the significance of glucose availability in regulation of TORC2-Gad8 and indicate a novel link between the cAMP/PKA, Pmk1/MAPK, and TORC2-Gad8 signaling.
雷帕霉素靶蛋白(TOR)激酶属于磷脂酰肌醇3激酶相关激酶的高度保守的真核生物家族。TOR蛋白存在于两种进化保守复合物的核心,即TORC1和TORC2。在裂殖酵母中,TORC2在最佳生长条件下对增殖并非必需,但在饥饿和应激反应中是必需的。TORC2涉及多种功能;然而,迄今为止调节TORC2活性的信号仍不清楚。TORC2有一个已知的直接底物,即AGC激酶Gad8,它与人类细胞中的AKT相关。Gad8在Ser-546(相当于AKT的Ser-473)处被TORC2磷酸化,从而导致其激活。在此,我们表明葡萄糖在体内诱导Gad8 Ser-546磷酸化以及在体外诱导Gad8激酶活性方面是必要且充分的。激活TORC2-Gad8的葡萄糖信号是通过cAMP/PKA途径介导的,这是一条主要的葡萄糖感应途径。相比之下,Pmk1与人类细胞外信号调节激酶相似,是裂殖酵母中一种主要的应激诱导丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK),它抑制TORC2依赖的Gad8磷酸化和激活。TORC2-Gad8的抑制在离子或渗透压应激反应中也会发生,其方式依赖于cAMP/PKA和Pmk1-MAPK信号通路。我们的研究结果突出了葡萄糖可用性在调节TORC2-Gad8中的重要性,并表明了cAMP/PKA、Pmk1/MAPK和TORC2-Gad8信号之间的新联系。