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TOR 复合物 2 独立突变在调控 PIF 口袋的 Gad8AKT1/SGK1 中定义了裂殖酵母应激反应机制的两个分支。

TOR Complex 2- independent mutations in the regulatory PIF pocket of Gad8AKT1/SGK1 define separate branches of the stress response mechanisms in fission yeast.

机构信息

Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel.

Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

出版信息

PLoS Genet. 2020 Nov 2;16(11):e1009196. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009196. eCollection 2020 Nov.

Abstract

The Target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase forms part of TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2), two multi-subunit protein complexes that regulate growth, proliferation, survival and developmental processes by phosphorylation and activation of AGC-family kinases. In the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, TORC2 and its target, the AGC kinase Gad8 (an orthologue of human AKT or SGK1) are required for viability under stress conditions and for developmental processes in response to starvation cues. In this study, we describe the isolation of gad8 mutant alleles that bypass the requirement for TORC2 and reveal a separation of function of TORC2 and Gad8 under stress conditions. In particular, osmotic and nutritional stress responses appear to form a separate branch from genotoxic stress responses downstream of TORC2-Gad8. Interestingly, TORC2-independent mutations map into the regulatory PIF pocket of Gad8, a highly conserved motif in AGC kinases that regulates substrate binding in PDK1 (phosphoinositide dependent kinase-1) and kinase activity in several AGC kinases. Gad8 activation is thought to require a two-step mechanism, in which phosphorylation by TORC2 allows further phosphorylation and activation by Ksg1 (an orthologue of PDK1). We focus on the Gad8-K263C mutation and demonstrate that it renders the Gad8 kinase activity independent of TORC2 in vitro and independent of the phosphorylation sites of TORC2 in vivo. Molecular dynamics simulations of Gad8-K263C revealed abnormal high flexibility at T387, the phosphorylation site for Ksg1, suggesting a mechanism for the TORC2-independent Gad8 activity. Significantly, the K263 residue is highly conserved in the family of AGC-kinases, which may suggest a general way of keeping their activity in check when acting downstream of TOR complexes.

摘要

雷帕霉素靶蛋白(TOR)激酶是 TOR 复合物 1(TORC1)和 TOR 复合物 2(TORC2)的组成部分,这两种多亚基蛋白复合物通过磷酸化和激活 AGC 家族激酶来调节生长、增殖、存活和发育过程。在裂殖酵母 Schizosaccharomyces pombe 中,TORC2 及其靶标 AGC 激酶 Gad8(人类 AKT 或 SGK1 的同源物)在应激条件下和对饥饿信号的发育过程中对于生存是必需的。在这项研究中,我们描述了分离出的 gad8 突变等位基因,这些等位基因绕过了对 TORC2 的需求,并揭示了 TORC2 和 Gad8 在应激条件下的功能分离。特别是,渗透和营养应激反应似乎与 TORC2-Gad8 下游的遗传毒性应激反应形成一个单独的分支。有趣的是,TORC2 不依赖的突变映射到 Gad8 的调节 PIF 口袋中,这是 AGC 激酶中的一个高度保守的基序,它调节 PDK1(磷酸肌醇依赖性激酶-1)中的底物结合和几种 AGC 激酶的激酶活性。Gad8 的激活被认为需要两步机制,其中 TORC2 的磷酸化允许进一步磷酸化和由 Ksg1(PDK1 的同源物)激活。我们专注于 Gad8-K263C 突变,并证明它使 Gad8 激酶活性在体外不依赖于 TORC2,并且在体内不依赖于 TORC2 的磷酸化位点。Gad8-K263C 的分子动力学模拟显示 T387 处的异常高灵活性,即 Ksg1 的磷酸化位点,这表明了 TORC2 不依赖的 Gad8 活性的一种机制。重要的是,K263 残基在 AGC-激酶家族中高度保守,这可能表明了它们在 TOR 复合物下游发挥作用时保持其活性的一般方式。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/57ce/7660925/1a11065ca747/pgen.1009196.g001.jpg

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