Karbowiak Grzegorz
Ann Parasitol. 2014;60(1):37-47.
The ornate dog tick (Dermacentor reticulatus) can be found in the temperate zones of Eurasia. Its area of occurrence is divided into east and west distributions, although the area as a whole is expanding. The initial east-west division was most probably associated with the varied climatic profile of Europe, for example, the range of specific mean winter and summer temperatures: the region where D. reticulatus is absent is characterized by mean winter temperatures between 0 degree C and 5 degrees C and thin snow cover. The present expansion may be the effect of climate change. The mean temperatures in Europe have increased, the vegetation season has lengthened and positive trends in the number of wet days can be seen. Consequently, northern Europe has become warmer and wetter over the last century. Human activity can also influence the spread of D. reticulatus. The liquidation of habitats suitable for D. reticulatus and the eradication of their hosts can play a role, as can changes in agricultural land use, environmental protection and the spread of international tourism and trade. In summary, the expansion of D. reticulatus into new areas could be the synergistic effect of many favourable factors.
华丽犬蜱（血红扇头蜱）见于欧亚大陆的温带地区。其分布区域分为东部和西部，不过总体分布范围正在扩大。最初的东西部划分很可能与欧洲多样的气候特征有关，例如，特定的冬季和夏季平均气温范围：血红扇头蜱不存在的地区，其冬季平均气温在0摄氏度至5摄氏度之间，积雪较薄。目前的分布范围扩大可能是气候变化的影响。欧洲的平均气温上升，植被生长季节延长，降雨天数呈上升趋势。因此，在过去的一个世纪里，北欧变得更加温暖湿润。人类活动也会影响血红扇头蜱的传播。适宜血红扇头蜱生存的栖息地的清理以及其宿主的根除都可能起作用，农业土地利用的变化、环境保护以及国际旅游业和贸易的发展也会产生影响。总之，血红扇头蜱向新区域的扩张可能是多种有利因素共同作用的结果。
