School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Population Health & Disease Prevention, Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
J Hazard Mater. 2014 Aug 15;278:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.089. Epub 2014 Jun 5.
The potential environmental and human health impacts of artisanal mining of electronic waste through open incineration were investigated. A market-representative set of cellphones was dismantled into four component categories-batteries, circuit boards, plastics and screens. The components were shredded, sieved and incinerated at 743-818 °C. The concentrations of 17 metals were determined using U.S. EPA methods 6010C (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; 6020A (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, or 7471B and 7470A (cold-vapor atomic absorption). EPA Method 8270 (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) was used to identify polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. EPA Method 8082A was used to measure polychlorinated biphenyls and EPA Method 8290 was used for dioxin/furans in the residue ash. The life cycle assessment model USEtox(®) was used to estimate impacts of the ash residue chemicals on human health and the ecosystem. Among metals, copper in printed circuit boards had the highest ecotoxicity impact (1610-1930PAFm(3)/kg); Beryllium in plastics had the highest impact on producing non-cancer diseases (0.14-0.44 cases/kg of ash); and Nickel had the largest impact on producing cancers (0.093-0.35 cases/kg of ash). Among organic chemicals, dioxins from incinerated batteries produced the largest ecotoxicological impact (1.07E-04 to 3.64E-04PAFm(3)/kg). Furans in incinerated batteries can generate the largest number of cancers and non-cancer diseases, representing 8.12E-09 to 2.28E-08 and 8.96E-10 and 2.52E-09 cases/kg of ash, respectively. The results reveal hazards of burning discarded cellphones to recover precious metals, and pinpoints opportunities for manufacturers to reduce toxic materials used in specific electronic components marketed globally.
研究了通过露天焚烧进行手工开采电子废物对环境和人类健康的潜在影响。将一组具有代表性的手机拆解成四个组件类别-电池、电路板、塑料和屏幕。将这些组件粉碎、过筛并在 743-818°C 下焚烧。使用美国环保署方法 6010C（电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法；6020A（电感耦合等离子体质谱法，或 7471B 和 7470A（冷原子吸收法）测定了 17 种金属的浓度。美国环保署方法 8270（气相色谱/质谱法）用于鉴定多环芳烃化合物和多溴二苯醚。美国环保署方法 8082A 用于测量多氯联苯，美国环保署方法 8290 用于测量残渣灰分中的二恶英/呋喃。使用生命周期评估模型 USEtox(®)来估计灰烬残渣化学物质对人类健康和生态系统的影响。在金属中，电路板中的铜具有最高的生态毒性影响（1610-1930PAFm(3)/kg）；塑料中的铍对产生非癌症疾病的影响最大（0.14-0.44 例/千克灰分）；镍对产生癌症的影响最大（0.093-0.35 例/千克灰分）。在有机化学品中，来自焚烧电池的二恶英产生了最大的生态毒性影响（1.07E-04 至 3.64E-04PAFm(3)/kg）。来自焚烧电池的呋喃可以产生最多的癌症和非癌症疾病，分别代表 8.12E-09 至 2.28E-08 和 8.96E-10 至 2.52E-09 例/千克灰分。结果揭示了燃烧废弃手机以回收贵金属的危害，并指出制造商有机会减少在全球市场销售的特定电子组件中使用的有毒材料。
