Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
Division of Solid Tumor, Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Curtis Building, Suite 1024B, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:175265. doi: 10.1155/2014/175265. Epub 2014 May 15.
Haptens are small molecule irritants that bind to proteins and elicit an immune response. Haptens have been commonly used to study allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) using animal contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models. However, extensive research into contact hypersensitivity has offered a confusing and intriguing mechanism of allergic reactions occurring in the skin. The abilities of haptens to induce such reactions have been frequently utilized to study the mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to induce autoimmune-like responses such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and to elicit viral wart and tumor regression. Hapten-induced tumor regression has been studied since the mid-1900s and relies on four major concepts: (1) ex vivo haptenation, (2) in situ haptenation, (3) epifocal hapten application, and (4) antigen-hapten conjugate injection. Each of these approaches elicits unique responses in mice and humans. The present review attempts to provide a critical appraisal of the hapten-mediated tumor treatments and offers insights for future development of the field.
半抗原是与蛋白质结合并引发免疫反应的小分子刺激物。半抗原已被广泛用于使用动物接触超敏反应 (CHS) 模型来研究过敏性接触性皮炎 (ACD)。然而，对接触超敏反应的广泛研究提供了一种令人困惑和有趣的皮肤过敏反应发生机制。半抗原诱导此类反应的能力经常被用于研究炎症性肠病 (IBD) 的机制，以诱导自身免疫样反应，如自身免疫性溶血性贫血，并引发病毒性疣和肿瘤消退。自 20 世纪中期以来，半抗原诱导的肿瘤消退一直受到研究，这依赖于四个主要概念：(1) 体外半抗原化，(2) 原位半抗原化，(3) 焦点外半抗原应用，和 (4) 抗原-半抗原缀合物注射。这些方法中的每一种都在小鼠和人类中引起独特的反应。本综述试图对半抗原介导的肿瘤治疗进行批判性评估，并为该领域的未来发展提供见解。
