Kosterman Rick, Hill Karl G, Lee Jungeun Olivia, Meacham Meredith C, Abbott Robert D, Catalano Richard F, Hawkins J David
Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington.
Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California.
Psychol Addict Behav. 2014 Jun;28(2):348-58. doi: 10.1037/a0034970.
Little research has examined social development in the young adult years relative to childhood and adolescence. This study tested the hypothesized pathways of the social development model (SDM) in young adulthood for predicting symptoms of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and positive functioning at age 30. A longitudinal panel study originally drawn from Seattle, Washington, elementary schools was examined. The sample included 808 participants with high retention and was gender balanced and ethnically diverse. Analyses focused on ages 21, 27, and 30. SDM constructs were assessed with self-reports of past-year behavior and combined multiple life domains. AUD symptoms corresponding to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Positive functioning combined measures of constructive engagement in work and school, civic engagement, physical exercise, and lack of depressive symptoms. The study found that AUD symptoms were moderately stable from age 21 to 30; however, developmental pathways hypothesized by the SDM at age 27 played a significant role in partially mediating this association. Alcohol-specific factors were key mediating mechanisms, whereas prosocial factors played little role. Conversely, prosocial factors had an important role in predicting positive functioning at age 30, whereas there were no significant pathways involving alcohol-specific factors. Findings suggest that age 27 is not too late for interventions targeting adult social development to help diminish alcohol use disorder symptoms by age 30. Alcohol-specific factors such as reducing perceived opportunities or rewards for heavy alcohol use or challenging beliefs accepting of drunkenness are likely to be key ingredients of effective adult interventions.
相对于童年和青春期，很少有研究考察青年期的社会发展。本研究测试了青年期社会发展模型（SDM）的假设路径，以预测酒精使用障碍（AUD）症状及30岁时的积极功能。对一项最初来自华盛顿州西雅图市小学的纵向面板研究进行了考察。样本包括808名保持率高的参与者，性别均衡且种族多样。分析聚焦于21岁、27岁和30岁这几个年龄阶段。通过过去一年行为的自我报告以及多个生活领域的综合情况来评估SDM的构成要素。根据《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第四版（美国精神病学协会，1994年）标准，使用诊断访谈表来评估AUD症状。积极功能综合了工作和学校中的建设性参与、公民参与、体育锻炼以及无抑郁症状等指标。研究发现，AUD症状从21岁到30岁有适度的稳定性；然而，SDM在27岁时假设的发展路径在部分介导这种关联方面发挥了重要作用。特定于酒精的因素是关键的中介机制，而亲社会因素作用甚微。相反，亲社会因素在预测30岁时的积极功能方面具有重要作用，而不存在涉及特定于酒精的因素的显著路径。研究结果表明，针对成人社会发展的干预措施在27岁实施并不太晚，有助于在30岁时减轻酒精使用障碍症状。减少对大量饮酒的感知机会或奖励，或者挑战对醉酒的认可信念等特定于酒精的因素，可能是有效的成人干预措施的关键要素。
