State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
Environ Sci Technol. 2014 Jul 15;48(14):7982-92. doi: 10.1021/es501226h. Epub 2014 Jul 2.
Steroids are excreted from humans and animals and discharged with wastewaters into the environment, resulting in potential adverse effects on organisms. Based on the excretion rates from different groups of humans and animals, the emissions of seven steroids (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), testosterone (T), androsterone (A), progesterone (P), and cortisol (C)) were comprehensively estimated in 58 river basins of whole China, and their multimedia fate was simulated by using a level III fugacity multimedia model. The results showed that higher emission densities for the steroids were found in the river basins of east China than in west China. This distribution was found to be generally similar to the distribution of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) across China. E3, A, and P displayed higher emission densities than the other steroids in most of the river basins. The total excretion of steroids by humans and animals in China was estimated to be 3069 t/yr. The excretion of steroids from animals was two times larger than that from humans. After various treatments, the total emission of steroids was reduced to 2486 t/yr, of which more than 80% was discharged into the water compartment. The predicted concentrations in water were within an order of magnitude of the measured concentrations available in the literature. Owing to wastewater irrigation, more steroid mass loadings in agricultural soil were found in the basins of Haihe River and Huaihe River in comparison with the other river basins. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the emissions and multimedia fate of seven steroids in the river basins of China.
甾体激素从人类和动物体内排泄，并随废水排入环境，对生物体可能产生潜在的不利影响。基于不同人群和动物的排泄率，在中国 58 个流域内综合估算了 7 种甾体激素（雌酮（E1）、17β-雌二醇（E2）、雌三醇（E3）、睾酮（T）、雄酮（A）、孕酮（P）和皮质醇（C））的排放量，并采用 III 级逸度多介质模型模拟了它们的多介质归宿。结果表明，中国东部流域的甾体激素排放密度高于西部流域。这种分布与中国国内生产总值（GDP）的分布大致相似。E3、A 和 P 在大多数流域的排放密度高于其他甾体激素。中国人类和动物的甾体激素总排泄量估计为 3069 吨/年。动物排泄的甾体激素是人类的两倍。经过各种处理后，甾体激素的总排放量减少到 2486 吨/年，其中超过 80%排入水相。预测水中的浓度与文献中可获得的实测浓度处于同一数量级。由于污水灌溉，与其他流域相比，海河流域和淮河流域农业土壤中的甾体激素质量负荷更大。据我们所知，这是中国流域内 7 种甾体激素排放和多介质归宿的首次报道。
